Psychology Definitions
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Psychology Definitions - Marcador
Psychology Definitions - Detalles
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| Consists of the brain and the spinal cord and is the origin of all complex commands and decisions. | Central Nervous System |
| Sends information to the CNS from the outside environment, and transmits messages from the CNS to muscles and glands in the body. | Peripheral Nervous System |
| Transmits information from receptor cells in the sense organs to the CNS. It also receives information from the CNS directing muscles to act. | Somatic Nervous System |
| Connect the seonsry neurons to the motor neurons or other relay neuron. They have short dendrites and short axons. | Relay Neurons |
| Connect the CNS to effectors such as muscles and glands. They have short dendrites and long axons. | Motor Neurons |
| The process by which neighbouring neurons communicate with each other by sending chemical messages across the gap that separates them. | Synaptic Transmission |
| The theory that different areas of the brain are responsible for different behaviours, processes or activities. | Localisation of Function |
| Located in the temporal lobe and concerned with the analysis of speech-based information. | Auditory Area |
| An area of the left temporal lobe (encircling the auditory cortex) responsible for language comprehension. | Wernicke's Area |
| A record of the tiny electrical impulses produced by the brain's activity. By measuring characteristic wave patterns, the EEG can help diagnose certain conditions of the brain. | Electrogencephalogram |
| The brain's electrophysiological response to a spectific sensory, cognitive or motor event can be isolated through statistical analysis of EEG data. | Event-Related Potentials |
| The brain is analysed after death to detemine whether certain observed behaviours during the patients lifetime can be linked to abnormalities in the brain. | Post-Mortem Examinations |
| A type of biological rhythm with a frequency of less than one cycle in 24 hours, such as menstruation. | Infradian Rhythm |
| A type of biological rhythm with a frequency of more than one cycle in 24 hours, such as sleep stages. | Ultradian Rhythm |
| Internal body clocks that regulate many of our biological rhythms, such as the influence of the suprachiasmatic nucleus on the sleep/wake cycle. | Endogenous Pacemakers |
| External cues that may affect or entrain our biological rhythms, such as the influence of light on the sleep/wake cycle. | Exogenous Zeitgebers |
| The idea that norms and values, as well as ethics and moral standards, can only be meaningul and understood within specific social and cultural contexts. | Cultural Relativism |
| The notion that humans can make choices and are not determined by biological or external forces. | Freewill |
| Implies that freewill is not possible as behaviour is caused by internal or external events beyond our control. | Hard Determinism |
| While everything has a cause, behaviour can also be determined by our conscious choices in the absence of coercion. | Soft Determinism |
| The belief that behaviour is caused by biological (genetic, hormonal, evolutionary) influences that we cannot control. | Biological Determinsim |
| The belief that behaviour is caused by features fo the environment that we cannot control. | Environmental Determinism |
| The belief that behaviour is caused by unconscious conflicts that we cannot control. | Psychic Determinism |
| The genetic transmission of mental and physical characteristics from one generation to another. | Heredity |
| The belief that human behaviour is best explained by breaking it down into smaller constituent parts. | Reductionism |
| A form of reductionism which attempts to explain social and psychological phenomena at a lower biological level. | Biological Reductionism |
| The attempt to explain all behaviour in terms of stimulus-response links that have been learned through experience. | Envionmental Reductionism |
| An approach to research that focuses more on the individual case as a means of understanding behaviour. | Idiographic Approach |
| An approach which attempts to study human behaviour through the development of general principles and universal laws. | Nomothetic Approach |
| The biological differences between males and females including chromosomes, hormones and anatomy. | Sex |
| A set of beliefs and preconceived ideas about what is expected or appropriate for males and females in a given society. | Sex-Role Stereotype |
| Any sex chromosome that deviates from the ususal XX/XY formation and which tends to be associated with a distinct pattern of physical and psychological symptoms. | Atypical Sex Chromosome Patterns |
| A syndrome affecting males in which an individual's genotype has an extra X chromosome, characteristiced by a tall thin physique, small infertile testes and enlarged breasts. | Klinefelter's Syndrome |
| A chromonal disorder in which affected women have only one X chromosome, causing developmental abnormalities and infertility. | Turner's Syndrome |
| Acquired around age 2, the child recognises that they are a boy or a girl and posseses the ability to label others as such. | Gender Identity |
| A desire to be associated with a particular person or group often because they posses certain desirable characteristics. | Identification |
| Atypical symptoms experienced in addition to normal experiences. They include hallucinations and delusions. | Positive Symptoms |
| A sensory experience of stimuli that either have no basis in reality or are distorted perceptions of reality. | Hallucinations |
| Atypical symptoms experienced which represent the loss of a usual experience such as clear thinking or 'normal' levels of motivation. | Negative Symptoms |
| Involves reduced frequency and quality of speech. | Speech Poverty |
| Patterns of structure or activity in the brain that occur in conjunction with an experience and may be implicated in the oirgins of that experience. | Neural Correlates |
| Explanations that focus on mental processes such as thinking, language and attention. | Cognitive Explanations |
| A general term meaning information processing that is not functioning normally and produces undesirable consequences. | Dysfunctional Thought Processing |