Inability to concentrate, impairment of memory, behaviour disorders, difficulty learning new info, lack of inhabitation, emotional liability, contralateral plegia, excessive motor aphasia

Dpariteal lobe

Processing of sensory input, sensory discrimination, body orientation, primary and secondary somatic area

Damage to parietal lobe

Inability to discriminate between sensory stimuli, inability to locate and recognize parts of the body, inability to recognize self, disorientation of environmental space, inability to write

Occipital lobe

Primary visual reception area, primary visual association area, allows for visual interpretation

Damage to the occipital lobe

Primary visual cortex, theres a loss of vision in opposite field, visual association cortex: loss of ability to recognize object seen in opposite field of vision

Temporal lobe

Auditory receptive area association areas, expressed behaviours, language: receptive speech, memory: info retrieval

Limbic system

Sex, rage, fear, emotions

Damage to the limbic system

Loss of sense of smell, agitation, loss of control and emotion, loss of recent memory

Basal ganglia

Subcortical grey matter nuclei, processing link between thalamus and motor cortex, imitation and direction of voluntary movements, balances postural reflexes, part of extrapyramidal system, regulation of automatic movement

CN III

Oculomotor, this controls pupil size, pressure eon this nerve will cause paralyzation and the pupil won't be reactive

CNX

Vagus, organ is the medulla, a bundle of nerves that supply SA and AV node, stomach, and GI tract, pressure on this nerve stimulates bradycardia

MReticular Activating system

Integrates info from all of the senses and from the cerebrum and determines the overall activity of the brain and ANS as well as patterns of behaviour during walking and sleeping

Ra meninges

Protective layer that surrounds and enfolds the entire CNS

Outer layer

Middle layer

Inner layer

Clear, colourless fluid that circulates through the entire brain and spinal cord, there are few WBCs but NO RBCs

Cerebral blood flow

Oxygen and glue delivery are controlled by cerebral blood flow, PCO2 has the greatest effect on intracerebral vascular diameter

ICP symptoms

Headaches, nausea/vomitting, altered LOA/LOC, Cushing triad, pupil changes, posturing

Causes of ICP

Increase blood flow to the brain, blockage of blood flow to the brain, increase CSF production, blockage of CSF outflow, increase tissue mass, hear trauma, ruptured aneurysm, infection, cerebral edema, Shintos, severe hypertension

CNS disorders- structural

Tumour, degenerative disease's, intracranial hemorrhage, parses, trauma

CNS disorders- toxic-metabolic states

Anoxia, diabetic ketoacidosis, hepatic failure, hypoglycaemia, renal failure, thiamine deficiency, toxic pressure

PNS disorders

Any malfunction of damage to the peripheral nerves

PNS disorder- mononeuropathy

Localized condition due to trauma, compression or infection

PNS disorder- polyneuropathy

Demylentation or degeneration, Gillian barre leads to rapid muscle weakness, diabetes affects the distal nerves of the hands and feet

Conjugate gaze

Implied a structural lesion

Dysconjugate gaze

Implied a structural brain stem dysfunction

Nystagmus

Disorders of the brain that involve involuntary eye movements

Respiratory status

Cheyne stokes, kussmaul, central neurogenic hyperventilation, ataxic, apneustic

Geriatric population

More susceptible to systematic illness, changes that occur with ageing: pupil sluggishness, loss of body strength, muscle atrophy, altered sensation

Geriatric population- neuro

Headaches, LBP, weakness/dizziness, loss of balance (old man shuffle) Parkinson's, CVA

Stroke

Every delayed minute the average person loses 1.9 million brain cells, 13.8 billion synapses and 12kms of axonal fibres

Stroke

Injury or death to brain tissue

TPA

Used to bust clots in MI and has been shown to be effective in treating certain occlusive clots

Occlusive stroke

Cerebral artery blocked by a clot or foreign matter

Ischemia

Onset

Infarction

Death of tissue, there is further damages to nearby tissues due to edema

Embolic stroke

Sudden severe headaches, embolus carried to cerebral blood vessel from a remote site, usually clots arising from diseased vessels, atrial firbulation

Thrombotic stroke

S&S develop gradually, often occurs at night, blood clot gradually develops in and obstructs a cerebral blood vessel

Hemorrhagic stroke- intracranial

Within the brain, small blood vessels rupture due to hypertension, effects depend on location of blood vessels

Hemorrhagic stroke- subarachnoid

Developes from congenital blood vessel abnormalities or head trauma, aneurysms

Hemorrhagic stroke

Hemorrhage inside the brain tears and separates blood vessels, impaired drainage of CSF increases increased ICP, herniation of brain tissue occurs rapidly

Hemorrhage stroke- S&S

Motor, speech and sensory leading to unconsciousness, stertorous breathing (laboured snoring) eyes deviate away from side of body paralyzed

Hemorrhagic stroke

Not common, abrupt, during stress or exertion, may be associated with coke, asymptotic before rupture

Ischemic

Most common, usually d/t atherosclerosis or brain tumour, slow, may be associated with partial fib, valve disease, or contraceptives, history of angina or previous strokes

Transient ischemic attacks

Indicative of carotid artery disease, onset of TIA is usually abrupt,

Warning signs of stroke

Weakness, trouble speaking, vision problems, headache, dizziness

Left hemisphere damage

Expressive aphasia, receptive aphasia, global aphasia, R side weakness, reading, writing or math impairment, slow and cautious behaviour, defects in R visual field

Right hemisphere damage

Spatial perceptual deficits, L sided weakness or sensory loss, neglect of the affected side, distractible, impulsive behaviour, poor judgement, loss of flow of speech, defecets in L visual field

Thrombolytic therapy

TPA- tissue plasminogen activator

Peds stroke

Seizures, twitching or staring spells, extreme trouble staying awake or alert during the day or outside of normal sleeping time

Seizure

Temporary alteration in behaviour due to massive electrical discharge from on for more groups of neurons in the brain

Causes of seizures

Non compliance of drugs, meningitis, ICP, hypoglycaemia, EtOH withdraws, drug ingestion

Causes of seizures in pts >50

Cardiovascular disease, cerebrovascular disease, dysrhythmia or impending cardiac arrest, severe hypertension, brain neoplasms

Tonic

Increased muscle tone or tension

Clonic

Rhythmic jerking movements

Aura

Sensation preceding seizure, may be hours or seconds before seizures

Absence

Pets mal, 10-30 second loss of consciousness, may not response to normal treatment

Pseudoseizure

Usually stems from a psychological disorder, hysterical disorder, seizure often stops with saying "STOP IT", characterized with sharp and bizarre movements

Mpartial seizures

Chaotic movements, confined to a limited portion of the brain, only functions saved by the area will be dysfunctional, no loss of consciousness, begins as localized/clonic movements

Complex partial seizures

Characterized by an aura (smell, metallic taste, sounds), typically 2-3 mins in length, loss of contact with surroundings, confused, stagger, purposeless actions, unintelligent sounds

Status epilepticus

Two or more generalized seizures, they occur without a return of consciousness, usually caused by failure to take anticonvulsant meds

Anti seizure/antileptic drugs

Benzos, barbiturates, hydantoins, suxxinmides, depakote

Migraines

Throbbing pain, photosensitivity, nausea, sweats, usually unilateral, may be preceded by an aura, may last for extended periods to type

Cluster

One sided with nasal congestion, drooping eyelid, and irritated or watery eye, more frequent in men, usually concentrated around 1 eye, typically lasts 1-4 hours

Tension headache

Often when you wake up in the morning with mild pain and the pain gets worse as the day progresses, dull achey pain feels like pressure applied to the neck and head

Organic headache

Occurs due to rumours, infection, or other diseases of the brain, eye or other body system, headaches are associated with fever, confusion, nausea, vomitting, or rash

Neoplasm

Growth of a new tumour, they have ihhg mortality rates and can be classified as benign or malignant

Benign

Abnormal growth yet slow and grow in one location, cause pressure in confined spaces

Malignant

Grow quickly and spread to other sites within the body, infiltrates healthy tissue, likely to metastasize

Abscess

Collection of puss

Abscess- s&s

Leathery, hemiparesis, nuchal rigidity, headache, nausea, vomitting, seizures

Alzheimers

Most frequent cause of dementia, due to death and disappearance of nerve cells in the cerebral cortex, shuffling gait, stiffness of body muscles, progresses to aphasia, inability to think, speak and move

Muscular dystrophy

A group of genetic diseases characterized by progressive muscle weakness and degeneration of muscle fibres

Multiple sclerosis

Umpraedicitbale disease resulting from detonation of the myelin sheath leading to difficulty conducting nerve impulses, most victims are women, slow degeneration of sensory nerves but spares motor nerves

Dystonia

Groups of disorders characterized by muscle contractions that cause twisting repetitive movements, abnormal postures, or freezing during activity

Parkinsons

Rigidity or resistance to movement due to both opposing muscles activated at the same time, bradykinesia movement is slowed and sometimes lost, postural instability is impaired balance and coordination

Central pain syndrome

Result of CNS injury, intense steady burning pain

Bells palsy

One sided facial paralysis, unknown cause

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Weakness, loss of motor control, dysphasia and cramping which will eventually lead to the diaphragm and respiratory problems, most its died within 3-5 years of being diagnosed, usually due to pulmonary infection

Myoclonus

Temporary, involuntary twitching of muscles, commonly witnessed in pts with MS, Parkinson's or alzhemers, may present as hiccups or muscle twitching

Spina bifida

Occurs in the firs month of prig, one of more fetal vertebra fail to close, potion of the spine is left unprotected

Polio

Inflammatory viral disease of the CNS tissue, can result in paralysis, characterized by fatigue, headache, fever, vomitting, pains in the hands and feet

Myasthenia Travis

Progressive muscle weakness and fatigue, autoimmune disease that sestroys the nicotinic receptors at the neuromuscular junction, muscles not stimulated as well so weakness occurs