IGCSE history
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IGCSE history - Marcador
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IGCSE history - Detalles
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| Wilson's ideas | Don't be too harsh on Germany - he believed Germany should be punished, but if the treaty was too harsh they would want revenge Strengthen democracy in defeated countries - Wilson believed peace in Europe depended on strengthening democracy in defeated nations to prevent future wars Self-determination - wanted the peoples of Europe to rule themselves Internation co-operation - nations should co-operate to achieve world peace |
| Wilson's idea for the treaty | Don't be too harsh on Germany - did believe Germany should be punished, if Germany was punished too harshly they would want revenge Strengthen democracy in defeated countries - For Wilson, democracy was key to peace, as it would force leaders in defeated nations to listen to their people, who wouldn’t allow them to start another war Self-determination - wanted small eastern European people to rule themselves International co-operation - Nations should co-operate to achieve world peace |
| League of Nations | Set up as an internation "police force". Germany was not allowed to join the League until it had shown that it was a peace loving country |
| Did everyone agree with Wilson | People wanted peace but didn't know if Wilson's ideas were the best ways to achieve it. Like self-determination as it is difficult because they're scattered across many different countries |
| League of Nations | Set up as an internation "police force". Germany was not allowed to join the League until it had shown that it was a peace loving country |
| Did Lloyd George agree with Wilson | Agreed in public, but was less positive in private. Agreed, Germany should not be punished too harshly, or they might seek revenge or led to a communist revolution. |
| League of Nations | Set up as an internation "police force". Germany was not allowed to join the League until it had shown that it was a peace loving country |
| What did Lloyd George want | Not to punish Germany too harshly - did believe Germany should be punished, if Germany was punished too harshly they would want revenge, or it could lead to a communist revolution like what happened in Russia in 1917 Trade - didn't want to hurt Germany too much because before the war Germany was their second-largest trading partner Navy - unlike Wilson, Lloyd George was thinking about the British Empire. He wanted Germany to lose their navy and colonies as they were a threat |
| Pressures on Lloyd George | Public pressures for a harsh treaty, British people were not sympathetic as they suffered over 1 million casualties and had been fed anti-German propaganda for 4 years. Lloyd George won the 1918 election by promising to make Germany pay. He had to balance pressures at home and not punishing Germany too harshly |
| Did Clemenceau agree with Wilson | In public, he agreed with his aim for fair and lasting peace. He found Wilson very difficult to work with, he never publicly criticised the 14 points, but he did mention that even god only needed 10 commandments. Major disagreement was over Germany, as Clemenceau saw it as a way to cripple Germany so it could not attack France again |
| Effect of the war on France vs Germany | France suffered damage to it's land, industry, people and self-confidence. Over two-thirds of the men who had served in the French army had been killed or wounded. Germany seemed to many French people very powerful. German land and industry had not been as badly damaged as France's. France's population (around 40 million) was in decline compared to Germany's (around 75 million). |
| Pressures on Clemenceau | French people wanted a treaty that would weaken Germany as much as possible. The French president wanted Germany broken up to many smaller states. Clemenceau knew he would have to compromise but had to show he was aware of the public opinion of France |
| What did Clemenceau and Wilson disagree about | The USA suffered less than France in the war, leading to tension between Clemenceau and Wilson. Clemenceau opposed Wilson's lenient stance on Germany, particularly over the Rhineland and Saar. Wilson eventually conceded, but in return, Clemenceau and Lloyd George supported his ideas for Eastern Europe, despite their doubts. |
| What did Clemenceu and Lloyd George disagree about | Clemenceau felt that Lloyd George was willing to treat Germany fairly in Europe, where France was more at risk, but not when it came to Germany's navy and colonies, which threatened Britain more directly. |
| What did Lloyd George and Wilson disagree about | Lloyd George was mainly unhappy with point 2 of Wilson's Fourteen Points, which allowed all nations free access to the seas. Wilson’s ideas about self-determination also threatened the British government, as the British Empire ruled millions of people worldwide from London. |
| 5 terms of the ToV | War guilt, reparations, German territories' and colonies, Germany's armed forces, League of Nations |
| War guilt | This clause was simple but was seen by the Germans as extremely harsh, Germany had to accept blame for starting the war |
| Reparations | Germany had to pay reparations of 6,600 million pounds |
| German territories and colonies | Forbade Anschluss with Austria, lost 10% of its land in Europe, all of their overseas colonies, 12.5% of its population, 16 percent of coalfields and almost half f its iron and steel industry |
| Germany's armed forces | Army was limited to 100,000 men, conscription was banned, navy was limited to 6 battleships, Rhineland was to be demilitarised |
| German reaction to war guilt and reparations | War guilt clause was particularly hated as Germany did not feel like hey started the war and the guilt should at least be shared. Germans were bitter they had to pay for all the damage caused even though the German economy was severely weakened |
| Germans reaction to disarmament | Felt it was very unfair. An army of 100,000 was very small for a country of Germany's size, the army was also a symbol of German pride. Also, despite the 14 points, none of the allies disarmed to the same extent |
| German reaction to territories | Major loss for German pride, as the Saar and upper Silesia were important industrially. as Germany's was losing colonies, Britain and France were increasing their empires |
| German reaction to non-representation | Angry, their governments were not represented at peace talks and were forced to accept a harsh treaty. |
| German reaction to the 14 points and the LoN | Germany was not being treated the same, self-determination was given to countries like Estonia, but German-speaking peoples were being hived off to new countries like Czechoslovakia to be ruled with non-Germans. Further insulted by not being invited to join the LoN |
| Political violence due to the treaty | Right wing opponents to Ebert hated the treaty. In 1920, they attempted a revolution known as the Kapp Putsch but was defeated by a general strike. Political violence remained a threat, with many assassinations and uprisings such as the Munich Putsch. |
| Conflict in the Ruhr | The first installment of 50 pounds of 6600 million pounds was paid in 1921 but nothing in 1922. Ebert tried negotiating but the French ran out of patients. In 1923 the french and belgium tropps entered the Ruhr and took what was owed in the form of raw materials and goods which was legal under the terms of the treaty |
| Result of the conflict in the Ruhr | The German government ordered workers to go on strike, so there was nothing being produced to be taken. The French reacted by killing over 100 workers and expelling 100,000 protesters, but the strike also meant there were no goods to trade, leading to hyperinflation. |
| Hyperinflation | The government started printing money, causing hyperinflation. Money was worthless, so prices shot up. Government and industrial powers were able to pay off their debts, but middle class people lost all of their savings. |
| People who said the treaty was unfair | None of the big tree were happy with the treaty, and commentators at the time also felt this too. Of course, Germany felt it was unfair |
| League of Nations | Set up as an internation "police force". Germany was not allowed to join the League until it had shown that it was a peace loving country |
| Aims of the league | Avoid aggression between nations, facilitate disarmament, improve living and working conditions globally, enhance global co-operation through trade |
| What did USA want the LoN to look like | Like a world parliament – reps of countries to meet and discuss matters that affected them all |
| What did UK what the LoN to look like | Simple, to meet only in times of emergency |
| What did France what the LoN to look like | Strong with its own army |
| Rules of the league | - all major nations to join (except Germany and Russia because they were communist) - members to disarm - accept all decisions made by League, - if one country had a problem with another, take it to the league - if any member went to war, other members would stop trade with them and send troops if necessary |
| Why did the USA never join the league | It was seen as linked to the TOV, deemed unfair by many Americans, Isolationism, they had no need to join because the WW1 had made them rich and powerful, they wanted to trade, congress did not approve, isolationist policy |
| 5 main areas of the league | - The Assembly - The Council - The Permanent Court of International Justice - The Secretariat - The International Labour Organisation (ILO) |
| The assembly | League's parliament, every league country sent a representative, votes on new members the budget and main agenda, met once a year, decisions had to be unanimous |
| The council | This was designed to settle major disputes and had 4 permanent members (Britain, France, Italy and Japan) as well as temporary members voted in by the Assembly. Each permanent member had a veto, whilst the Council could also administer economic sanctions or muster an international force if agreed |
| The Permanent Court of Justice | This was the League's court. It was the Court which would give decisions on border disputes, and passed any laws. It also gave legal advice to the Assembly and Council. Primarily, its responsibility came in upholding or amending peace treaties. |
| The secretariat | Kept records of the league's meetings and prepared reports for the different agencies of the league |
| The ILO | Brought together employers, governments and workers representatives once a year and its aim was to improve conditions of working people throughout the world, it collected information and advised governments |
| The leagues 4 commissions | The mandates commission, refugees committee, slavery commission, health committee |
| The mandates commission | The peace settlements had led to countries losing their overseas colonies to countries like Britain and France, commission to report on how people in those ex-colonies were being treated, made sure Britain, France, etc. were looking after the people, not acting in their own interests |
| The refugees committee | Looked after WW1 refugees, some trying to get back home, others had no home to get to, particularly important in Eastern Europe |
| The slavery commission | Worked to abolish slavery worldwide, particular issue in East Africa also many workers who weren’t slaves but were treated very poorly |
| The health committee | Educate people about health and sanitation, making vaccines accessible |
| The mandates commission successes | This made sure former German and Austro-Hungarian colonies were run smoothly after WW1 |
| The refugee committee successes | Made it easier for refugees to travel using the Nansen passport, 400,000 prisoners were returned home, very successful in Turkey with stamping out cholera and smallpox in camps, however they were constantly short of funds |
| The slavery commission successes | Freed 200,000 slaves in Sierra Leone, organised raids against slave owners, bought the death rate of African workers from 50 percent down to 4 |
| The health committee successes | It sponsored research into infectious diseases, important for helping to develop vaccines and medicines to fight deadly diseases, even the USSR took advice from the health committee, its work was used to form WHO |
| ILO successes | Banned poisonous lead paint. introduced the 48-hour week, reduces hours small children worked, didn't have a lot of funds so could only name and shame countries that broke the rules however they were still influential |
| Boarder dispute successes in the 1920 | Aaland islands, Upper Silesia, Bulgaria |
| About the Aaland islands | Sweden invaded this tiny collection of Scandinavian islands. Finland appealed to the league, both sides were threatening to go to war, they discussed the situation with both countries, before deciding it should remain with Finland. |
| About upper Silesia | This Polish-dominated part of Germany was allowed to hold a plebiscite on who to belong to. The vote was close, so it was divided along regional lines. Everyone was happy |
| About Bulgaria | 1925 Greek troops invaded Bulgaria after some Greek soldiers were killed, so Bulgaria appealed for help. the League demanded both sides stand their forces down and Greek soldiers withdraw from Bulgaria. The league sent assessors and sided with Bulgaria and Greece paid 45,000 in compensation. Greek obeyed |
| Failures of the leages boarder disputes | Vilna, Corfu, Geneva protocol |
| About Vilna | 1920 Poland and Lithuania both wanted the city of Vilna. Poland then marched their troops in. The league called for a plebiscite. Poland disagreed and it didn’t happen. Lithuania remained in a state of war with Poland until 1927 |
| About Corfu | Albania and Greece were having a border dispute. Italian league representatives were sent out. When one –Tellini—was murdered in Greek territory, Italy retaliated by bombing Corfu! They demanded compensation. league agreed and Greece had to pay it |
| Difference between Bulgaria and Corfu | Corfu - Greece killed Italy person, Italy invaded, Greece paid Bulgaria - Bulgaria killed Greek person, Greece invaded, Greece paid |
| Geneva protocol | Britain and France created it, and it shows that is 2 league members were in a dispute they asked the League for help. There was a change in government and the new one didn't sign it, worried that Britain would be forced to agree to something not in its interests. |
| The great depression effects (4) | - In Italy, economic problems encouraged Mussolini to try to build an overseas empire - important political changes within countries like how poor economy led people to elect the Nazi's to solve economic and social problems -LoN were more worried about their economy than internation disputes - USA declined to endorse sanctions, given the state of its own trade |
| Manchuria's invasion 1 | In 1931 Chinese troops agedly attacked the south Manchurian railway which the Japanese army controlled, Japan used this as an excuse to invade and set up a government in Manchuria. Japan's civilian government protested, but the military were now in charge |
| China appealing | China appealed to the League, but Japan told the League it was simply a local dispute. The League had to act. Unfortunately, they sent Lord Lytton as their reporter on a boat. It took him a year to get to Manchuria; September 1932 |
| Outcome of the League getting to Manchuria | Lytton quickly concluded that Japan had been in the wrong and that Manchuria was rightfully Japanese. The League decided to take it to a vote, whilst Japan just pressed on deeper into China. The vote came out in favour of China. Disgusted, the Japanese government stormed out of the League and invaded jehol |
| The league responds to Jehol invasion | Sanctions were discussed, but nobody wanted to after the depression and without the USA it would be useless. They were worried Japan would be mad about any sanctions and would retaliate, only USA or USSR had the resources to remove Japan and they weren't member |
| Why did disarmament fail | No country wanted to be the first to disarm |
| Why did Mussolini invade Abyssinia | Raw materials and an empire to fund his ever-growing military, glory, revenge as Italy tried to invade years before |
| How Abyssinia crisis started | Dispute between Italy and Abyssinia at the Wal-Wal oasis inside Abyssinia and Mussolini claimed it was Italian land and began preparing his army for invasion, so Abyssinia appealed to the league |
| The league and Mussolini "dealing" with the dispute | Between Jan 1935 - Oct 1935 Mussolini was supposedly negotiating with the league to settle the dispute, but he was shipping his army to Abyssinia. Britain and France pretended not to notice because they wanted an ally against the increasingly militaristic Hitler. In fact, they even signed the Stressa Pact between them all promising to stand up to German aggression |
| Public outrage about Mussolinis actions | Majority of British people supporting using military forces to defend Abyssinia if necessary. British politicians started to act tough as there was an election soon. British foreign minister Hoare made a speech about value of security to please nations however the League did nothing to try stop Mussolini |
| League proposes a plan to Mussolini | After 8 months of deliberation a committee reported nobody was to blame for Wal-Wal and the league put a plan in place to give Mussolini some of Abyssinia, but he rejected it |
| Sanctions on italy | A committee formed to pick fair sanctions when Mussolini began a full-scale invasion of Abyssinia in Oct 1935 and it was clear that Italy was stronger. The league banned loans, imports, and sales of arms to Italy. The league put off a decision on the oil export sanctions as it could harm the economy by fewer and the USA might not be in support it. Britain and France, who controlled the Suez Canal, chose not to block it to Italy's supply ships, though doing so may have ended it fast, Because they felt that it might start a war with Italy. |
| Hoare-Laval pact | Hoare and Laval plead with Mussolini behind the scenes, promising to give him 2/3rds of it in exchange for calling off the invasion but Selassie didn't agree to this. The Plan is leaked and they were both sacked. the league worked out if they stopped oil sales it could work, but it was too late and USA would not have supported it due to the pact and instead sent more oil to Italy |
| Outcomes of Abyssinia | The french were afraid as Hitler had occupied the Rhineland and were desperate to gain the support of Italy and were prepared to give them all of Abyssinia but by May 1936 Italy had taken Abyssinia and haile Selassie was forced into exile |
| Implications of Abyssinia on the league | Collective security had failed, and so had the league. British and French hoped that how they handled Abyssinia would strengthen their position against Hitler, but this was clearly not the way as Hitler and Mussolini signed the Rome-berlin axis in Nov 1936 |
| How the league was a success | Commissions work Small disputes Global Trade |
| How the league wasn't a success | Disarmament Aggression Self-interest |
| What years were the Korean War | 1950-1953 |
| Background for the Korean War | Korea was ruled by Japan until 1945. At the end of the second world war the north remained communist controlled, with a communist leader. The south was anti communist, it wasn't very democratic but it was anti enough to gain the support of the USA. |
| Pre/start of the Korean war | In 1950 open warfare started, northern troops (communist) overwhelmed the souths (anticommunist) forces. By September 1950 all except a small corner of south east Korea was under communist control |
| USA's involvement in the Korean War (getting the UN involved) | Truman immediately sent advisers, supplies and warships to Korea. He knew he needed the support of the UN so he put pressure on them to condemn the actions of the North Koreans and withdraw troops. The USA was the single biggest contributor to the UN budget and therefore had the biggest influence. Normally, the Soviet Union would have used their veto to block the call for action by the UN. However they were boycotting the UN at this time over another issue. |
| USA's effect on the North Korea | UN troops stormed ashore in September 1950, at the same time UN forces and South Korean troops advanced. The north Koreans were driven back past their original boarder |
| UN forces continue to press on in Korea | MacArthur quickly achieved the original goal of the UN of removing removing North Korean troops from South Korea, but the Americans did not stop. Despite warnings from China that if they continued they would join the war, the UN approved a plan to advance into North Korea. By October, US forces had reached the Yalu River and the border with China. It was clear that MacArthur and Truman wanted to remove communism from Korea fully. |
| The UN force retreats in Korea | MacArthur underestimated the power of the Chinese. Late in 1950, 200,000 Chinese troops joined the North Koreans and attacked. They had soldiers who were strongly committed to Communism and had been taught to hate the Americans. The United Nations forces were pushed back into South Korea. Conditions were some of the worst the American forces had known. The Chinese forces were more familiar with fighting in these conditions. |
| MacArthur gets sacked | Truman and MacArthur fell out. MacArthur wanted to carry on the war. He was ready to invade China and even use nuclear weapons if needed. Truman, felt that saving South Korea was good enough. The UN convinced Truman that an attack on China was too risky. However, in March 1951 MacArthur blatantly ignored the UN and threatened an attack on China. In April Truman fired MacArthur as he rejected his aggressive policy towards Communism. Truman effectively returned to the policy of containment and accepted that he could not drive the Communists out of North Korea. |
| Peace talks in Korea | The fighting finally reached stalemate around the 38th parallel in the middle of 1951. Peace talks between North and South Korea began in June 1951, although bitter fighting continued for two more years. The casualties on all sides were immense particularly among civilians. |
| Armistice in Korea | In 1952 Truman was replaced by Eisenhower, who wanted to end the war. Stalin's death in 1953 made the Chinese and North Koreans less confident, so an armistice was signed in July 1953. The border was pretty much the same as when the war started |
| Advantages and disadvantages of the Korean War for the USA | The cost and the casualties were high but it showed that the USA had the will and the means to contain Communism. South Korea remained out of Communist hands. But it showed the limits of the policy. The USA had to accept that North Korea remained Communist. It also highlighted tensions among American leaders. Hardline anti-Communist politicians and military leaders wanted to go beyond containment - to push back Communism and thought that Truman had shown weakness in not going for outright victory. |
| About Cuba and Batista | Cuba had been an American ally for a long time, American's owned most of the businesses there and had a massive naval base. The Americans also provided the Cuban ruler, Batista economic and military support. Batista was a dictator and was hated among Cubans but were liked by Americans as he was very anti-communist. |
| Enter Fidel Castro | There was plenty of opposition to Batista in Cuba itself. In 1959, after a three-year campaign, Fidel Castro overthrew Batista. Castro was charming, clever but ruthless. He quickly killed, arrested or exiled many political opponents. Castro was also a clever propagandist. He was very charismatic, and he had a vision for a better Cuba which won over the majority of Cubans. |
| American reaction to Castro being leader | The USA was taken by surprise at first and decided to recognize Castro as the new leader of Cuba. But within a short period of time, relations between the two countries grew worse. There were thousands of Cuban exiles in the USA who had fled from Castro's rule. They formed powerful pressure groups demanding action against Castro. Castro took over some American-owned businesses in Cuba and distributed it to his supporters among Cuba's peasant farmer population. |
| America’s hostile approach towards Castro | June 1960, Eisenhower authorised the US CIA to investigate ways of overthrowing Castro. The CIA provided support and funds to Cuban exiles and investigated ways to disrupt the Cuban economy. American companies working in Cuba refused to co-operate with any Cuban businesses which materials imported from the USSR. The American media also broadcast a relentless stream of criticism of Castro and his regime. |
| Castros response to Americas hostility | Castro had a mixed approach. He assured Americans living in Cuba that they were safe and he allowed the USA to keep its naval base. He said he simply wanted to run Cuba without interference. However, by the summer of 1960 he had allied Cuba with the Soviet Union. Soviet leader Khrushchev signed a trade agreement giving Cuba $100 million in economic aid. Castro also began receiving arms from the Soviet Union and American spies knew this. |
| America's potential invasion of Cuba | In January 1961 the USA's new President, Kennedy, broke off diplomatic relations with Cuba. Castro thought that the USA was preparing to invade his country. The Americans did not invade directly, but Kennedy was no longer prepared to tolerate a Soviet satellite in the USA's 'sphere of influence'. The plans to overthrow Castro which were begun under Eisenhower began to take shape |
| The bay of pigs | Instead of a direct invasion, President Kennedy supplied arms, equipment and transport for 1,400 anti-Castro exiles to invade Cuba and overthrow Castro. In April 1961 the exiles landed at the Bay of Pigs. They were met by 20,000 Cuban troops, armed with tanks and modern weapons. The invasion failed disastrously. Castro captured or killed them all within days. |
| The impact of the invasion on Cuba | The half-hearted invasion suggested to Cuba and the Soviet Union that, despite its opposition to Communism in Cuba, the USA was unwilling to get directly involved in Cuba. Khrushchev was scornful of Kennedy's pathetic attempt to out Communism from Cuba. Historians too argue that the Bay of Pigs fiasco further strengthened Castro's position in Cuba. It suggested to the USSR that Kennedy was weak. It also made Castro and Khrushchev very suspicious of US policy. |
| Khrushchev arms Castro | After the Bay of Pigs Soviet arms flooded into Cuba. In May 1962 the Soviet Union announced publicly for the first time that it was supplying Cuba with arms. By July 1962 Cuba had the best-equipped army in Latin America. By September it had thousands of Soviet missiles, plus many other weapons and 5,000 Soviet technicians to help to maintain them. |
| Nuclear missiles or not in Cuba | America was concerned but willing to tolerate conventional arms in Cuba. The main issue was whether the Soviet Union would place nuclear missiles there, which seemed unlikely due to the risks. On September 11th, Kennedy warned the USSR against making Cuba a nuclear base. The USSR assured the USA that it had no need or intention of deploying nuclear missiles in Cuba. |