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Human biology - Endocrine system


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Chelsey Louise


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Hyperthyroidism
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over active thyroid

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Human biology - Endocrine system - Detalles

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Hyperthyroidism
Over active thyroid
Negative feedback
Feedback is opposite to feedback
Endocrine system main purpose
Maintain home stasis by influencing cellular activity through chemical messengers-hormones, and using feedback- responding to stimulus by secreting more/less of a hormone to alter original stimulus
Hormone types and descriptions
Protein (made of protiens) eg. insulin. -water soluble steroid (made of lipids :. lipid soluble) eg. cortisol amine(amino acids ) eg. adrenalin and epinephrin. -water soluble (and paracrines (local hormones via which two adjacent organs communicate)) can effect all cells, target cells or target organs. only able to influence cells with specific receptors
How do hormones change cell function
Via changing the type, activity or quantities of protiens/enzymes produced by: activating genes in nucleus to protiens are produced changing enzyme shape/ structure to turn function on/off changing rate of production of enzyme or protein by increasing/decreasing transcription/translation
Enzyme amplification
One hormone can activate thousands of enzymes. hormones trigger a cascade of reactions small amount of hormone/ stimulus can produce large effect saturation can occur so additional hormones will no longer take effect
Paracrine action
Hormone acts locally diffusing from its source to neighbouring target cell
Autocrine action
Hormone effects the same cell that produced it
Water soluble hormones enter the cell and take effect by:
Amines and protiens are hydrophilic, cannot pass through hydrophobic tails :. they attach to receptor protiens in target cells membrane causes secondary messenger(g protein) to be released into cell and activate enzyme via nucleus (signal transduction) cytoplasmic response
Lipid soluble hormones enter cell and take effect by:
Steroids defuse through cell membrane and combine with receptor within cell hormone receptor complex alters gene expression by activating genes controlling the formation of particular protiens
How are hormones controlled
Secretions are regulated by negative feedback - response is opposite of feedback -sometimes involves the nerves system stimulating the hypothalamus to secrete inhibiting or restricting factors hormones must turn off after producing desired effect- done by breaking down hormone molecules in target cell, kidney or liver then excreted in bile, urine
Exocrine gland
Secrete hormones into a duct , caries the secretion to surface/body cavities. eg. sweat, saliva
Endocrine glands
Secrete hormones into extracellular fluid , passes into capillaries to circulate body
The bodies gland names
Hypothalamus pituitary gland adrenal glands ovaries testies pancreas parathyroid glands thyroid glands pineal gland
Hypothalamus
Base of brain regulates bodies basic functions, eg wate balance, heart rate many functions varied out through the pituitary gland produces many hormones-travel via blood and nerve fibres to pituitary where they are secreted
Pituitary gland
Lies under hypothalamus , connected via infundibulum -vital secretes hormones produced by hypothalamus master gland- due to its nature to
Segments of the pituitary gland
Anterior and posterior lobes anterior = front, connected to hypo via blood vessels controlled by hypothalamus' restricting and inhibiting hormones posterior =back lobe does not secrete anything (not real gland) joint by nerve fibres stores oxytocin's and antidiuretic hormones produced in hypothalamus
Hormones released by anterior pituitary
Follicle stimulating hormone (fsh) -overies, testes luteinising hormones (LH) -overies testes growth hormone (GH) -all cells thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) -thyroid gland Adrenocorticotropic hormone -adrenal cortex Prolactin -mammary glands (initiate and maintain milk secretion) FLAG ToP FLaP -reproductive hormones
Tropic hormones
Hormones that regulate other hormones non tropic directly stimulate target cells
The posterior pituitary secretes?
Travelled via nerves from hypo antiduretic -causes kidney to remove water from urine + return to blood, at high conc also constricts small arteries oxytocin -contractions during labor and milk let down
Peneal gland secretes? targets? achieves?
Hormone :melatonin target: the hypothalamus regulates sleep patterns, released at night
Pancrease exo end endo functions , hormone
Produces enzymes release into small intestines hormones produced in cluster of cells called islets of langerhans hormone: glucagon target: liver raises blood sugary stimulating breakdown of glycogen to glucose hormone: insulin target: liver, muscle cells and fat stores lowers blood sugar by promoting glucose to glycogen conversions (liver + skeletal muscles)+ glucose to fat in fat stores.
Adrenal glands - adrenal cortex is affected by? produces? hormones (2) , target and function.
Affected by ACTH from anterior pituitary produces corticosteroids hormones include cortisol: targets liver, promotes normal liver function and adaptation to stress + tissue repair aldosterone: targets kidney , reduces sodium and increases urine potassium
ADRENAL GLANDS – ADRENAL MEDULLA 2 hormones and target
Adrenalin (epinephrine ) -fight or flight response Noradrenalin-similar effect targets most cells and tissues
Gonads -ovaries
Hormone: oestrogen target: many tissues
Thyroid hormone
Thyroxine -controls body metabolism by regulating catabolic and anabolic reactions - release and maintain body temp secreted in response to TSH targets all cells
Parathyroids
4 on rear surface of thyroid gland -size of peas hormone -parathyroid hormone (PTH) targets bones and kidneys controls calcium and phosphate levels in blood.
Thymus
Hormone- thymosins (hormone group) Target : T lymphocytes. -influences their maturation
Gonads- Ovaries (2 hormones)
Hormone: oestrogen effects: many tissues regulates menstruation Progesterone targets uterus and mammary glands regulates period and milk production
Gonads- Testes
Hormones: Androgens (e.g testosterone) target: many tissues stimulates sperm production growth of skeletal muscles development of male sex characteristics
Feedback system steps
Stimulus receptor message modulator message effector -mucle glands response -effector organ brings a reaction feedback srmmmerf smurf
Positive feedback
Reinforces and intensifies the stimulus
Negative feedback
Feedback is opposite to feedback
Hyperthyroidism
Over active thyroid, produces to much thyroxin -auto immune disorder
Hypothyroidism
Under active thyroid, to little thyroxin -auto immune disorder
Carb foods
Starch, sugary, milk and dairy, fruit
In response to injecting carbs:
Carbs-> glucose in stomach in response pancreas releases insulin blood carries glucose+insulin to all required cells blood glucose level decreases as glucose is stored can be risen again through the liver releasing extra stored glucose
Diabetes type 1
Body makes no insulin at all due to an auto immune response all insulin producing cells are destroyed 10% of cases, occurs under 40s. glucose in blood stream cannot enter cells so BS consistently increases body attempts to remove excess through kidneys = frequent eurination and dehydration. glucose also leads to area for bacteria to bread=thrush and long lasting wounds glucose also builds in eyes=blindness tiredness, breaks down fat stores for energy= fat loss
Type 2 diabetes
90% cases, over 40s either body isn't producing enough insulin or insulin isn't working properly. can be due to build up of fat blocking insulin receptors regular processes occur, but insulin and glucose don't enter cells, bs levels ^ in response body makes more insulin ^ cells send signals to liver to produce more insulin from storage leading to a further increase. pancreas can't cope and tires out similar symptoms to type 1 slow or non noticeable symptoms can be treated by diet and lifestyle, medication
Glucocorticoids
Steriod hormones produced from adrenal glands cortex