Geography 1000
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Geography 1000 - Marcador
Geography 1000 - Detalles
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| Define molecular characteristics | Features based on the macromolecular composition of an organism, most notably the content and sequence of DNA and proteins |
| Define taxonomy | A scientific discipline concerned with naming and classifying the diverse forms of life |
| Morphological characteristics | Relating to the outward appearance of structural features of an organism or its parts (ie. size, shape, colour, number, and arrangements) visible features |
| Adaptive radiation | Period evolutionary change in which groups of organisms form many new species whose adaptations allow them to fill different ecological roles in their communities |
| Define phylogeny | The evolutionary history of a species or group of related species |
| What is a basal taxon | A taxon whose evolutionary lineage diverged early in the history of the group |
| Define binomial | The two part, latinized format for naming a species, consisting of the genus and specific epithet |
| Define homologies | Similarities in characteristics resulting from common ancestry |
| What is molecular systematics | A scientific discipline that uses nucleic acids or other molecules to infer evolutionary relationships between different species |
| Define analogy | Similarities in characteristics not related to ancestry, more likely similar environmental pressures |
| Define systematics | A scientific discipline focused on classifying organisms and determining their evolutionary relationships |
| What is a phylogenetic tree | A branching diagram that represents a hypothesis about the evolutionary history of a group of organisms |
| Define endosymbiosis | A relationship between two species in which one organism lives inside the cell or cells of another organism |
| What is a molecular clock | A method for estimating the time required for a given amount of evolutionary change, based on the observation that some regions for genomes evolve at constant rates |
| Cladogram | Branching diagram to show phylogenetic relationships |
| What is parsimony | The simplest explanation that is consistent with the facts |
| Define paraphyletic | When a group of taxa consists of a common ancestor and some, but not all descendants |
| What are paralogous genes | Homologous genes that are found in the same genome as a result of gene duplication |
| What is a polytomy | When more than one taxon comes out of a common ancestor at equal points; shows that the evolutionary relationships are not yet clear |
| What is a monophyletic tree | The equivalent to a clade, a group of taxa that consists of a common ancestor and all its descendants |
| What is cladistics | When organisms are placed into groups called clades based primarily common descent |
| Define polyphyletic | Pertaining to a group of taxa derived from two or more different ancestors |
| What are shared derived characters | Evolutionary novelties that are unique to a particular clade |
| What horizontal gen transfer | Transfer of genes from one genome to another through mechanisms such as transposable elements, plasmid exchange, viral activity, and perhaps fusions of different organisms |
| What are orthologous genes | Homologous genes that are found in different species because of speciation |
| What is Physical Geography? | Studying the relationships among geographic areas, natural systems, society, cultural activities, and the interdependence of all the above through space (spatial) |
| What is Geography? | Geo- "Earth" Graphein - "to write" = to write something about Earth |
| Endogenic system participates in which processes? | Internal processes that produce flows of heat and material from below the Earth's crust |
| What is GIS? | A computer based, data processing tool for gathering, manipulating and analyzing geographic information |
| What are the layers of a map? | Topographic base, parcels, zoning, floodprints, wetlands,land cover, soil, survey control, composite of all layers |
| Name the latitudinal geographical zones | Arctic (66.5 - North Pole), Subarctic ( 55 - 66.5), Midlatitude (35-55), Subtropical ( 23.5-35), Equatorial and tropical (23.5 N- 23.5S), Subtropical (23.5 S-35S), Midlatitude ( 35S-55S), Subantarctic (55S- 66.5S), Antarctic (66.5S- South pole) |
| Which "-sphere" effects the weather system ranging from climate patterns to our water resources? | Hydrosphere |
| How does energy enter the biosphere? | Conversion of solar energy by photosynthesis |
| What makes up an ecosystem? | Soil, plants, animals and the physical environment |
| Which type of feed back can be compared to snowballing? | Positive feedback |
| Describe the arctic sea ice-albedo positive feedback | Temperatures rising- sea ice melts (exposing dark ocean surface)- albedo decreases- oceans absorb more heat- repeat... |
| Describe Lattitude | Horizontal parallels that are described as being a certain degree north or south of the equator |
| Describe Longitude | Vertical meridians that are described as east or west or the prime meridian |
| Where is the Prime meridian? | Greenwich, London |
| What does GIS stand for? | Geographical information systems |
| What type of information does remote sensing gather? | Earth's systems from great distances without the need for physical contact |
| What is the difference between passive remote sensing and active remote sensing? | Passive: records wavelengths of energy radiated from a surface, particularly visible light( the sun) and infrared Active: direct a beam of energy at a surface and analyze the energy reflected back (RADAR/LiDAR) |
| What and when is Perihelion | When Earth is closest to the sun, January 3 |
| Why are the rocky planets closer to the Sun? | Because they are made of heavier material which causes them to "fall" towards the sun |
| How does the sun drive seasonality? | The tilt of the Earth causes part of the Earth to either be closer or further from the sun |
| Where is the subsolar point during the fall equinox? | At the Equator |
| Where is the subsolar point during the summer solstice? | At the Northern tropics |
| Where is the subsolar point during the spring equinox? | At the Equator |
| Where is the subsolar point during the winter solstice? | At the southern tropics |
| How does sphericity cause seasonality? | Earth is a sphere, combined with the axis tilt, this causes uneven distribution of energy between the equator and the poles |
| What are the five reasons for seasons? | Revolution, rotation, tilt of earth's axis, axial parallelism, sphericity |
| What is the thermopause? | The outer boudnary of earth's energy system |
| What is insolation | Solar radiation that reaches a horizontal plane at the Earth |
| Does high energy associate with high or low temperature? | High temperature |
| How does the Earth's energy budget work? | Input: shortwave radiation (sun to earth); Output: longwave radiation (earth to space) |
| What is Aphelion | When earth is furthest from the sun, July 4 |
| What is Energy? | The capacity of a physical system to do work |
| What is work? | The product of force and displacement |
| How is Solar energy generated? | Through the nuclear fusion reaction process in which pairs of hydrogen nuclei are joined, forming helium and emitting a large amount of energy |
| What are sunspots? | They are caused by magnetic storms on the sun which can produce solar wind |
| What does the magnetosphere do? | It deflects the solar wind towards both of Earth's poles (causing auroras) |
| What is associated with High frequency? | Small wavelengths and high energy |
| What does radiant mean? | It means that it is radiated, or transferred without an intervening medium |
| Equal angle | Scale is the same in any direction at a given point |
| What is a thematic map? | Shows the spatial distribution of some type of data over a geographic area |
| What is a Planimetric map? | Shows the horizontal position of boundaries, bodies of water, economic and cultural features |
| What is a topographic map? | Portrays physical relief through the use of contour lines that connect all points at the same elevation |
| Equally spaced elevation lines | Uniform graph |
| When would you use hatched contour lines? | When drawing a depression |
| When drawing a river what does the base of the V represent? | The base of the V points upstream (against the current) |
| What landform is an obvious violation of topographic maps? | Overhangs in canyons or cliffs because the elevation is too steep to show with contour lines |
| What are geodedic control points | Used to define absolute positioning (locations) on a map |
| Equal area | Area preserving, shape of the earth changes cannot be angle preserving |
| Small scale | Large area |
| Large scale | Small area |
| Equidistant | Length is preserved, usually on large scale maps |
| Map scale | Relation between reality and the map |
| Bathymetric Maps | Measurement of sea depth relative to sea level |
| Hypsometric maps | Measurement of land elevation relative to sea level |
| Isotherm map | Lines of equal temperature |
| Isohyet maps | Lines of equal rainfall |
| Isobar maps | Lines of equal pressure |
| What do dot maps represent? | The density of people in areas |
| What is a map? | Universal language, tool for spatial analysis, a model of an area ( in reduced size) |
| What are the steps to the scientific method? | Observation, hypothesis, experiment/measurement, results, theory development |