This can be the situation in which the text was constructed, or the particular conditions which influenced the writer, or wider political cultural or social movement

Define Audience

General group or category of people who might read an article or hear a speech or a specific single individual at whom the text is directed

Define Purpose

Can be expressed in simple term such as 'to persuade' or 'to describe' but the writing intentions are often much more specific

Define Noun

Name we give things, ideas and places. These are generally devided into proper nouns and common nouns Abstract nouns which describe ideas, Concrete nouns which describes physical entities

Define Verb

Descibes an action or state Lexical / full verbs which operate in an independent why Auxiliary Verbs which assists or alter the meaning of other verbs Phrasal verbs - usually made up of verbs plus adverbs and/ or prepositions

Define Adjective

Describes a noun

Define Adverbs

Describes the manner in which something is done

Define Pronouns

Usually describes as words which take the place of nouns or noun phrases

Define Preposition

Describes relationship between things in time, place and so on

Define Conjunction

A connective word that links parts of a sentence or sentences

Define Determiner

A short word that helps specify a noun

Define Exclamation

Word or phrase that stands on its own, usually expressing surprise or emotions

Define Denotative meanings

Provide a scientific, factual description

Define Connotative meanings

Meanings that are more open to interpretation

How is a simple sentences constructed

-one main clause

How is a Compound sentences constructed

- Two equal clauses linked by coordinating conjunction

How is a Complex sentences constructed

Main clause + subordinate / dependent clauses

How Iis a Minor sentences constructed

Word, phrase / clause that works like a sentence but does not fit the grammar requirements for one

What is the function of a declarative sentence?

Make a statement

What is the function of a Interrogative sentence?

Ask a question

What is the function of a Exclamatory sentence?

Express surprise, shock, strength of feeling and so on

What is the function of a Imperative sentence?

Give an order or command

Simile

When one thing is compared to another using 'like' or 'as'

Metafor

Assumes a comparison without using 'like' or 'as'

Personification

Particular type of figurative language when a thing, idea or animal given human attributes

Symbolism

When a particular event, image or even person represents a larger idea

Pathetic Fallacy

Form of personification which gives human emotions and traits to inanimate objects or nature

Define Omniscient

A narrator who sees or understands everthing

Define Limited

A narrator who has some knowledge of events, thoughts and feelings, but not complete understanding

Define Fallible

A narrator whose account might be seen as unreliable

Define Unusual

Any sort of narrator who does not fall into the usual categories

Characterisation may include:

- Physical appearance - Behaviour towards others - What a characters says - How others behave towards them - The location they are placed in - What we know - Circumstances of first and last appearance in text

Characterisation may include:

Personal writing in diary form can allow reader to

- see glimpse of writer's private thoughts and feelings - Explore reasons and motives behaving in particular way or feeling particular emotions - Witness characters and events from narrators pov

What are the key conventions of blogs?

-Accessed online through websites, apps or well-known social media platforms -Vehicles for giving advice, selling / promoting ideas or products - Interactive features - Feature greater degree of audio / sound - Utilise specialised or technical lexis or jargon, where closely targeted to core interest -More informal and chatty and adress their audience directly

What are the key conventions of a autobiography or memoirs?

- Written in first person - Focus on key dates/facts related to author's life - Describe significant places or setting in writers life - Often reflect on people who have been important to writer - Usually written in past tense, include current reflections

What are the key conventions of reviews?

- Provide overview of experience - Convey writer's expertise or knowledge of field - Express opinion about the experience or material through the use of language, form and structure -Adopt informal, chatty language designed to engage with the reader - Make comparisons with related texts or performence

What are the conventions of commentary essays or articles?

- tackle or explore ideas arising from newsworthy events or topical issues - Share similarities with text that argue or persuade, but may be more exploratory in nature - Demonstrate understanding about topic in question - Provide explanatory background information for 'non expert' reader - Presents ideas in present tense to explain current situation, may use past to fill in context detail - Usually written in first person, may bel ess personal than 'persuasive' texts.

What are some things to look out for in persuasive writing?

- Specific language devices used by writers to persuade readers - Defferent types of evidence and how it is used (abused) - How the form and structure of it contribute to their effect - Targeted to particular

What are the key features and conventions of argumentative or discursive text?

- Express a strong viewpoint but deal with both sides of an argument / explore obstacles/challenges - Use first person, using less personal, objective language - Use vivid imagery, anecdotes or examples to engage reader/ to provide background to the ideas being discussed. - Use varied sentence structure for developing an argument in logical progressive way. - Use discourage markers, such as adverbs, and other linking word/phrases to direct argument logically - Use rhetorical devices - Use statistics, data or other numerical measures to persuade reader - Use expert evidence to explain core ideas or argue a particular view.

What are the key features and conventions of effective narrative and descriptive text?

- Compelling plot - Effectively establish characters who interest reader and whose voice or motives are believable and consistent - Include dialogue that advances plot or characterisation - Convey powerful or atmospherically one or two main settings relevant to the story - Sustain readers interest through vivid descriptions, a variety of sentences and/or paragraph structures and relevant linguistic devices, such as imagery - Use structure to surprise or create impact -Open and end in interesting or satisfying ways

Effective descriptive text will?

- Vividly convey what a specific person, setting or experience is like rather than tell a story - Variety of sensory detail - Use language to 'zoom-in' or 'zoom-out' - Sentence or paragraph structure and organisation to convey different elements of a description - Well chosen lexis to be precise or expansive as text requires - Linquistic devices such as imagery / sound effects to convey mood or atmosphere.

An alternative, if related way of understanding narrative structure is William Labov's 6 core elements:

1. Abstract- How does it begin 2. Orientation - Who/what is involve, and when/where? 3. Complicating action - Then what happened? 4.Resolution - What finally happened? 5. Evaluation - So what? 6. Coda - What does it all mean?

Characterisation may include:

What are the 4 features of a comparative response?

1. Provide a succinct overview of both pieces of writing 2. Comment on different forms and styles of both passages 3. Explain the effects of different linguistic and structural features 4. Refer precisely to evidence or quotation from each text.

What are the 4 things you need to do in a text analysis?

1. Identify distinctive features of text and link them to purpose and context 2. Comment on elements such as lexis, figurative language, word ordering, sentence structure and formality/informality of tone 3. Explore how particular attitudes, bias or prejudice are conveyed by the writer 4. Provide both an overview of text as a whole, and specific commentary on individual elements

What are the 5 key points to consider when making an effective text analysis?

1. Get the overview 2. Identify distinctive features 3. Focus on effects 4. Explain, explore, evaluate 5. Check for changes or contrasts

When making a list of key words and phrases. Focus on the following 4 ideas:

1. What voice or prespective is examplified through these selected words and phrases? 2. Whaat do these words or phrases imply 3. What relationships or social positions are presented in text. Are they change or develop if at all? 4. What context are shown

Getting the 'outlook and mood' right can be done through linguistic choices (diary entry) (3)

1. The voice of the diary writer 2. The use of vivid or emotive lexis to convey setting and feeling 3. Use of punctuation to convey shock, surprise or uncertainty

A good commentary should (3)

1. Explain concisely how your writing matches the task, audience and purpose set by the brief in the question 2. Comment on the form, structure and language used 3, Support your comments with appropriate reference and quotations

What are the 5 steps to take when responding to a narrative-style question , a transactional-/descriptive-style responce

1. Decode the task 2. Check for conventions 3. Generate ideas and create a plan 4. Get writing 5.Rewrite the responce

In a review what are some examples of language you would use?

1. Introduces the elements under discussion 2. Ask questions 3. Weighs up the good and the bad, or tracks the change in fortunes 4. Sums up writers feeling or expectations 5. Take reader into its confidence

In a review what are some examples of language you would use?

Structuring a discursive response should include

1. Initial expostion or introduction to the argument or core ideas 2. Reference to both sides of any argument 3. Development from less important to more important ideas 4. Use of examples 5. Use of connectives for 6. Use of standard english

In general what are the 3 key points to remember in a extended writing response?

1. Consider wide range of ideas as possible 2. Ideas match what you know about audience purpose 3. Use what you know of text conventions to guide what you need to include

What are the 10 key skills and techniques for making your descriptive writing effective?

1. Detailed adjectives and nouns to describe geographical or physical features 2. Reference to senses 3. Verbs, adverbs and prepositions that convey movement 4. Personification of inanimate objects 5. Imagery 6. Description of setting 7. Contrast and juxtaposition 8. Compound and complex sentences that develop initial ideas 9. Verbal patterning and repetition creating effects that imitate descibed or reflect experience of narrator 10 Using pen as camera lence

What are the 5 steps to planning a piece of extended descriptive writing

1. Read question 2. Identify key words and phrases from task 3. Generate and develop ideas 4. Organise and sequence your ideas

What are 3 examples of structural features?

1. Tense 2. Narrative voice 3. Sentence and paragraphs

What are 5 elements to consider when doing narrative writing?

1. Plot and structure of story 2. Characterisation 3. Setting and location 4. Use of dialogue and other forms of speech 5. Use of literary and linguistic devices

What are 4 examples to use when structuring your narrative?

1. Straight forward chronological account recounts the story in time order 2. Dual or multiple narration switches 3. Framed narration switches between more than one narrator 4. Flashback and flashforward

What are 4 examples of character dialogue?

1. What is said 2. Style of speech 3. How it is said 4. Use of description between spoken words

Opening paragraphs in discursive or argument text should include?

1. Brief definition or explanation of the topic you are writing about 2. Exploratory tone characterised by raising questions or balancing different ideas 3. Summary of current ideas 4. Suggestion of the debate and questions you will address in your text

Structuring a discursive response should include

1. Initial exposition or introduction to the argument or core ideas 2. Reference to both sides of any argument 3. Development from less important to more important ideas 4. Use of examples 5. Use of connectives for 6. Use of standard english

When approaching writing to review questions. You should look for: (3)

1. What are you being asked to review 2. Where will the review appear 3. Who is the audience

How to structure your reviews (3)

1. Introduction 2. Summary 3. Evaluation

What 3 key features of language are found in reviews

1. Present tense 2. Loaded language 3. Humorous, intense or exaggerated language

In a review what are some examples of language you would use?