ecology
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ecology - Marcador
ecology - Detalles
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| 🇬🇧 | 🇬🇧 |
| Describes relationship between rate of consumption of a single predator, and food density. (satiation= to full compacity) | Functional response |
| Number of prey consumed per predator increases rapidly then plateaus. Curved graph. Satiation is achieved | Type 2 predator |
| Forage in the best patches, ignore the patches with low resource levels, and remain in a patch until its profitability declines to average for the area then leave. | Marginal Value theorem |
| Avoid good foraging areas if predation risk is high. | Risk-sensative foragers |
| Specialized herbivores evolved to feed on specific host plants. They are able to detoxify specific secondary compounds, and likely explain insect herbivore specialization. | Phytochemical coevolution |
| Large conspicuous plants rely on Quantitative defenses to thwart generalized grazers. | Apparency theory |
| Tannins bind to proteins and inhibit their digestion by herbivores. Most common in K-selected animals. | Quantitative defense |
| Cyanogenic glycosides (chemical that releases cyanide) always stored in specific parts of the plant. Mostly found in annuals or other short-lived plants. | Qualitative defenses |
| Assumes that foraging behavior is shaped by natural selection because foraging success should be related to fitness. | Optimal foraging theory predictions |
| Obtain the maximum amount of energy per unit of time | Energy maximization |
| Obtain as much energy as possible in the least amount of time (seems like the much more favored option of the two for natural selection.) | Time maximization |
| Mimics that resemble a model aposematic species with defenses are benefited if predators avoid them. (can also be used as camouflage) | Mimicry patterns |
| Defined model and harmless mimic | Batesian (aposematic mimicry) |
| Both species defended to mutual benefit by creating stronger selection on predators | Mullerian (aposematic mimicry) |
| Plants response to herbivores damage. It is a costly toxin that is only produced when the plant is attack and is sent to where the damage is. | Secondary chemical |
| -competition with other parasites -variability in abundance of host species -number of selective pressures across host species | Parasite specialization or generalization depends on ... |
| -they are asymbiotic. Can only be obligate. -non-producers (they feed ogg their host) -they are not very lethal and require direct contact) | General characteristics of parasites |
| Live on the outside of the body of the host | Ectoparasites |
| Non-photosynthetic parasites | Holoparasites |
| H1N1 (bird flu)- bird to human HIV non-human primates to humans. | Mutations allow infection of new host species |
| White-nose syndrome in bats -snake fungal disease -chytrid fungus is amphibians | Environmental changes promote emergence |
| When differential indidivuals (whether intraspecific or interspecific) experience depressed fitness due to their consumption of shared resources. | Competition occurs when... |
| Can provide an advantage for inferior competitors -harsh abiotic conditions (fire, natural events) -disturbance | Environmental tolerance |
| Can disproportionately impact certain species and reduce their competitive advantage. -keystone predator concept -predator susceptibility | Consumer-resource influences |
| (occurs in plants) secretion of chemicals that inhibit the germination and growth of competitor. | Allelopathy |
| Consumption of common limiting resources reduces population growth of competitors | Exploitative competition |
| Active prevention of resource use by competitors (through aggressive interactions or crowding) | Interference competition |
| Occurs when a superior competitor drives another species to extinction | Competitive exclusion principle |
| Experimental manipulation of competitor densities will provide evidence of competition. | Competitive release |
| Describes a species use of resources in the absense of competition | Fundamental niche |
| Adjustments in resource use to avoid competition | Realized niche |
| Results from niche separation as a consequence of competition | Character displacement |
| Communities composed of randomly assembled species with similar environmental tolerances | Neutral model |
| Community composition shaped by competition -species niches are separated along resource gradients | Niche based model |
| Reducing the amount of predation on one species can cause it to grow allowing for less diversity and more abundance | Top down effect |
| Species by their physiological tolerances to abiotic factors. | Environmental filtering |
| Responses to competition and other species interaction. | Biotic influences |
| -facilitation -inhibition -tolerance | How species are established and replaced... |
| Resident species make conditions less favorable for establishment or persistence of others. | Inhibition |
| Transient communities destroyed and re-established in place following frequent disturbance. (temporary ponds) In a transient succession the resources are only there for a limited time. -in an established community, the organisms compete for resources that are dependable. | How transient succession differs from succession in an established community |
| -early succession species are replaces by shade tolerant species (rapid growth requires high photosynthetic) -rapid succession occurs in some aquatic systems because of short generation times and rapid dispersal of dominant species. | How life history traits explain species presence in seral stages |
| Final stage of succession, remaining relatively unchanged until destroyed by an event such as fire or human intervention | Climax community |