Chapter 5 & 6 semester 2
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Chapter 5 & 6 semester 2 - Marcador
Chapter 5 & 6 semester 2 - Detalles
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166 preguntas
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| What is peristalsis | The coordinated, rhythmic, sequential contraction of smooth muscle that push food through the digestive tract, as well as bile through the bile duct |
| Where does digestion begin | In the mouth; the teeth mechanically shred and grind food and enzymes begin the chemical breakdown of carbohydrates |
| Where is that he stomach located | LUQ of the abdomen, directly inferior to the diaphragm |
| Where is the entrance and exit of the stomach | At the cardiac sphincter; the exit is at the pyloric sphincter |
| What are the three major sections of the small intestine | Duodenum, jejunum, and ileum |
| Where does 90% of digestion take place | In the small intestine |
| Where is the appendix located | Inferior to the ileocecal valve is the cecum; the appendix dangles from the cecum |
| What is the function of the appendix | An area where non pathologic bacteria live safely until they are needed for digestion; and house immune system cells and tissue |
| Where is the liver located | Inferior to the diaphragm, covering most of the URQ and extending into the left epigastrium, and is divided into two lobes |
| How much blood is delivered to the liver | Every minute approximately 1500ml |
| The cell of the liver produce bile define it and why its necessary | A yellow-brown or green-brown liquid; for the emulsification of fat |
| What is the primary function of the gallbladder | Store and eject bile into the duodenum for digestion of fats |
| Where is the pancreas | Lies posterior to the stomach |
| What does the pancreases produce each day | 1000-1500mL of pancreatic juice to aid in digestion |
| Define anchlorhydria | An abnormal condition characterized by the absence of hydrochloric acid in the gastric juice |
| Melena | Tar-like, fetid-smelling stool containing undigested blood |
| What are the 4 major functions of the large intestine | Completion of absorption of water; manufacture of vitamins K & B7; formation of feces; expulsion of feces |
| The ______ can store ____-____ mL of bile | Gallbladder; 30,50 |
| After an endoscopy the pt will not be allowed to __ or ____ until the _____ returns | Eat, drink, gag reflux |
| How can you assess if the pt gag reflux has returned | Placing a tongue blade to the back of the pharynx |
| How does the hypothalamus( a portion of the brain) that contains two appetite centers affect eating | Center stimulates to eat, other signal to stop eating |
| Define lumen | The cavity or channel within a tube or tubular organ |
| Occult blood | It is obscure or hidden away from view |
| When obtaining a stool specimen, the pt is instructed to keep the stool specimen free of ____ or _____ because either can _______ | Urine, toilet paper, alter the test results |
| A pt should not eat _____ 24-48 hr before a ____ test | Organ meat, guaiac |
| After a lower GI endoscopy exam; observe the pt for evidence of bowel perforation which include what symptoms | Abdominal pain, tenderness, distention, and bleeding |
| A barium enema study does what | Series of x-rays of the colon used to detect the presence and location of abnormalities such as polyps, tumor, and diverticula |
| Intussusception | Infolding of one segment of the intestine into the lumen of another segment |
| What does a colonoscopy do | Visualizes the mucosa of the colon and can detect lesions in the proximal colon, which would not be found by sigmoidoscopy |
| What are the dietary restrictions prior to a colonoscopy | Clear liquid diet 1-3 days before procedure to decrease residue in the bowel, and NPO for 8 hours before the procedure |
| After a colonoscopy what will you monitor the pt for | Abdominal pain, guarding, distention, tenderness, excessive rectal bleeding, or blood clots |
| Usually at least ___ ____ ____ are collected on consecutive days | Three stool specimens; because the result are not available for several days and guide subsequent treatment if bacterial infection is present |
| ____ ____ is an ____ process that results from the action of bacteria on carbohydrates in the mouth, which in turn _______ | Dental decay; produces acids that that dissolve tooth enamel |
| Pathognomonic | Signs or symptoms specific to a disease condition |
| Cancer of the lips occurs most frequently as a | Chronic ulcer of the lower lips in men over the age of 50 |
| Leukoplakia | A white, firmly attached patch on the mouth or tongue mucosa; may appear on the lips and buccal mucosa |
| Dysphagia | Difficulty swallowing |
| Define supraglottic laryngectomy | Removal of the entire larynx or the portion of the true vocal cords |
| Large tumors require more ___ and ___ ___ | Extensive, traumatic surgery |
| Heartburn often described as a | Substernal or retrosternal burning sensation that tends to lead to radiate upward and may involve the neck, the jaw, or the back |
| Reglan is used to treat moderate to sever cases of GERD, it is in a class of drugs called | Promotility agents, which increase peristalsis & therefore promote gastric emptying & reduce the risk of gastric reflux |
| Early esophageal cancer typically has | No symptoms, making early diagnosis difficult; and greatly affects the 5 year survival rate |
| Anastomosis | Surgical joining of two ducts, blood vessels, or bowel segments to allow flow from one to the other |
| In carcinoma of the ___ the malignancy tends to ________ | Esophagus; spread to the nearby lymph nodes |
| Achalasia also called cardiospasm means | An abnormal condition characterized by the inability of a muscle to relax, particularly the cardiac sphincter of the stomach |
| What are the four post op intervention for a pt experiencing esophageal surgery | Promote good pulmonary ventilation, maintain chest drainage system as prescribed, maintain gastric drainage system, maintain nutrition |
| Observing for the s/s of gastritis include | Anorexia, nausea, discomfort, after eating and pain |
| Objective data of gastritis includes observing | Vomiting, hematemesis (vomiting blood), & melena caused by gastric bleeding |
| The most common causes of peptic ulcers include | The presence of H. pylori bacteria in the stomach, regularly taking NSAIDs, smoking or chewing tobacco, excessive alcohol intake |
| The two most common peptic ulcers are ___ and ___ | Gastric, duodenal |
| The term peptic ulcer refers to | Acid in the digestive tract eroding the mucosal lining of the stomach, esophagus, or duodenum |
| Define perforation | Occurs when the ulcer crater penetrates the entire thickness of the wall of the stomach duodenum |
| Histamine receptor blockers | Do not give within two hours of antacids; decrease acid secretions by blocking histamine (H2) receptors ; |
| What is the action of omeprazole (Prilosec) | Proton pump inhibitor; totally eradicates gastric acid production |
| What are the purposes of nasogastric intubation | Decompression, feeding (gavage), compression, lavage |
| Define dumping syndrome | A rapid gastric emptying of undigested food from the stomach to the small intestine, causing distention of the duodenum or jejunum |
| Dumping syndrome is a direct result of | Surgical removal of a large portion of the stomach and pyloric sphincter |
| Dehiscence | A partial or complete separation of the wound edge |
| Evisceration | Protrusion of viscera through the disrupted wound |
| Treatment of dumping syndrome include | Six small meals high in protein & fat, low in carbs, eating slowly & avoiding fluids during meals; anticholingeric gets 2 decrease motility; reclining for at least one hour AC |
| Why do you not give antibiotics for cancer of the stomach | Long term therapy can destroy the normal flora, resulting in pathogenic microorganisms entering the intestines |
| One strain of E. coli is | O157:H7; often has a virulent course |
| Why would you not give a pt antidiarrheals if they have disorders of the intestines | Prevent the intestines from getting rid of the E. coli pathogen |
| Define tenesmus | Ineffective and painful straining with with defecation |
| What are nursing interventions for intestine infections | Fluid imbalance is important, including measurements of postural changes in BP, skin turgor, mucous membrane hydration, and urinary output. ( dehydration & hypotension) |
| Celiac disease patho | Autoimmune disease that disrupts they absorption of nutrients from foods in response to the ingestion of gluten |
| Gluten | A protein primarily found in wheat, rye, and barley |
| IBS patho | Episodes of altered bowel function and intermittent and recurrent abdominal discomfort and pain |
| One theory for IBS is | The brain, intestine, and nervous system interact in a way that causes greater than normal discomfort when stool passes through the colon |
| Physiological factors also are considered for IBS include | Anxiety, depression, and forms of abuse including physical, social, and sexual abuse |
| Define exacerbations | Increase in severity of the symptoms |
| Define remission | Decrease in severity of the disease or any of its symptoms |
| Ulcerative colitis s/s | Severe diarrhea, losses of sodium, potassium, bicarbonate, and calcium irons may occur |
| In mild to moderate ulcerative colitis what s/s may occur | Diarrhea may consist of two to five stools per day with some blood present |
| Pt with severe ulcerative colitis s/s may include | Fifteen to twenty liquid stools per day, containing blood, mucus, and pus |
| Stoma | An artificial opening of an internal organ on the body surface; color and size should be pink/red and slightly edematous |
| Where can crowns disease occur | Any where in the GI tract from the mouth to the anus but most commonly in the terminal ileum and proximal colon |
| Define steatorrhea | Excess fat in the feces |
| Crohns disease dieting nursing interventions | Tube feeding allow rapid absorption in the GI tract that begun, and the oral intake of a low-residue, high protein, high calorie diets are introduced gradually |
| Clinical manifestations for diverticulitis | Pain in the left quadrant of abdomen, fever, elevated WBC count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate |
| Untreated clinical manifestations for diverticulitis | Septicemia and septic shock can develop, hypotensive, tachycardic, intentional obstruction can occur, abdominal distention, n/v |
| Recommended diet for diverticulitis | High in fiber, mainly fresh fruits and vegetables, decreased intake of fat and red meat |
| External hernia is strangulated when what happens | Occludes blood supply and intestinal flow |
| If a to has a hernia how do you prevent a anaerobic infection in the area | Immediate surgical intervention is performed |
| Post op nursing interventions for a pt with strangulated hernia | Pt should deep breathe every 2 hours but mainly surgeons discourage coughing; teach the pt how to support the incision by splinting the area with a pillow or pad |
| Define volvulus | A twisting of bowel onto itself |
| Define paralytic (adynamic) ileus | Lack of intestinal peristalsis and bowel sounds |
| Define cachexia | Weakness and emaciation associated with general ill health and malnutrition (small body and big belly) |
| __ the discoloration of body tissue caused by abnormally high levels of ___, is visible when the total serum ___ exceeds __mg/dL | Jaundice, bilirubin, 2.5 |
| Define hepatitis | An inflammation of the liver caused by viruses, bacteria, and noninfectious causes such as alcohol ingestion and drugs |
| Define parenchyma | The functional tissue of an organ, as opposed to supporting or connective tissue |
| Define biliary atresia | The absence of underdevelopment of biliary structures that is congenital in nature |
| Define ascites | An accumulation of fluid and albumin in the peritoneal cavity |
| Define hypoalbuminemia | Reduced protein or albumin level in the blood, which reduces the bloods ability to regain fluids through osmosis |
| Define spider telangiectasis | Small, dilated blood vessels with a bright red center point and spider like branches |
| Define jaundice | Yellow discoloration of the skin, mucous membranes, and sclera of the eyes caused by greater than normal amounts of bilirubin in the serum |
| Define paracentesis | A procedure in which fluid is withdrawn from the abdominal cavity |
| Define esophageal varices | A complex of longitudinal, tortuous vein at the lower end of the esophagus |