Is a substance, agent, or process, that interferes with normal prenatal development, causing the formation of one or more developmental abnormality in the fetus

Nuclear family

Is a family unit that consist of parents and their biologic offspring

Extended family

Consist of nuclear or traditional family and additional family such as grandparents, grandchildren, aunts, uncles, who live in the same household

Single parent family

Exist today by choice or results of death, divorce, separation, or abandonment

Blended (reconstituted) family

Also called a stepfamily; is formed when adults remarry and bring together children from a previous marriages

Social contract family Aldo referred to as cohabitation

Involves a unmarried couple living together and sharing roles and responsibilities

Homosexual family

Comprises a same sex couple

Transgender family

May consist of one or more parents who have had a gender reassignment or are gender nonconforming

Adoptive family

Is a family unit with adopted children

Grandfamilies

Refers to families with children under the age of 18 years who live with or in the custody of grandparents

Foster family

Results when the biologic parents are unable or unwilling to provide adequate, safe care for their children

Autocratic family pattern

The relationships are unequal; the parents attempt to control the children with strict rigid rules and expectations

Patriarchal family patterns

The adult males or males in the family usually assumes the dominant role

Matriarchal family pattern

Also known as the matrifocal family; the adult female or females of the family assume primary dominance in the areas of childcare and homemaking and financial decision making

Democratic family pattern

The adult members function equally

Engagement or commitment stage

Begins when the couple acknowledges to themselves and others that they are considered married

Establishment stage

Extends from the wedding up until the birth of the first child

Expectant stage

Begins with conception and extends through the pregnancy

Surrogacy

The agreement the woman makes to be artificially inseminated, voluntarily or for a fee, to bear a child, and then relinquish the parenting rights to the baby's natural father or another couple

Parenthood stage

Begins at birth or adoption of the first child

Disengagement stage of parenthood

Is that period of family life when the grown children depart from the home

Senescence stage

Is the last stage of the life cycle and requires the individual to cope with a large range of changes

Sensorimotor stage

An infants knowledge comes about primarily through sensory impressions and motor activities

Schema

An innate knowledge structure that allows a child to mentally organize ways to behave in the immediate environment

Preoperational thought stage

When a child focuses on the use of language as a tool to meet needs the child has the emerging ability to think

Concrete operational phase

During this phase, thought become increasingly logical and coherent so that the child is able to classify, sort, and organize facts while still being incapable of generalizing or dealing with abstractions

School violence

Is defined as anything that physically or psychologically injures school children or damage school property

Formal operational thought stage

An individual's cognitive function reaches maturity during adolescence

Depression

Is defined as a mood disturbance characterized by feelings of sadness, despair, and hopelessness

Presbyopia

A defect in vision and advancing age that involves loss of accommodation or the recession of that near point caused by loss of the elasticity of the crystalline lens and ensuring change in close vision

Presbycusis

A normal progressive, age associated loss of hearing acuity, speech intelligibility, auditory threshold, and pitch

Ageism

A for of discrimination or prejudice against the older adult, is an unfortunate reality; prevents people from being as happy and productive as they otherwise can be

Development is a life long process that

Begins at conception, the beginning of pregnancy, and ends with death

What are the 8 stages of lifespan development

Infancy birth-1, toddler1-3, preschool 3-5, school age 6-12, adolescences 13-19, early adulthood 20-40, middle adulthood 40-65, late adulthood 65+

How has middle adulthood and late adulthood been recently recognized

Having equal importance as earlier stages of development

The significant growth of the population in the older age group we must become more aware of:

Unique characteristics, needs, and problems

Growth patterns appear to be

Controlled genetically, and other factors are nutrition, heredity, and environment

What is the basic function of family

The basic unit of society

Define family

Composed of two or more individuals united by marriage, blood, adoption, emotional bonds, and social roles

What is the family responsible for teaching the children

Society expectations and limitations; formal education, instilling morals, values and ideals

Define family patterns

Refer to the way in which family members relate to one another

Ericksons stages of psychosocial development for infancy, birth to 1; Developmental tasks and outcomes

Basic trust vs mistrust; infants learn to either treat or not to trust that significant others will properly care for their basic needs, including nourishments, sucking, warming, cleanliness, and physical contact

Ericksons stages of psychosocial development for middle adulthood, 45 to 65; developmental tasks and outcomes

Generative vs stagnation, middle aged adults are productive, performing meaningful work and raising a family, or becoming stagnant and inactive

Common signs of stress in children

Mood swings, acting-out behavior, change in eating or sleeping pattern, frequent stomachaches headaches or other unexplained somatic symptoms, excessive clinging to parents, thumb-sucking, bedwetting, return to behavior typical of an earlier stage of development

The basic sequence of language

Three months babbling, one year recognition of words, preschool age acquisition of structure of narrative language, at 6 years, ability to speak and understand new words and sentences

Piaget stages of cognitive development sensorimotor birth to 2 years

Uses sense and motor ability, develops schema, begin to interact with environment, learns objects still exist when out of sight, mental representation, develop thinking and goal-directed behaviors

Piagets stages of cognitive development formal operational thought 12+

Uses systematic, scientific problem-solving approach; recognizes past, present, future; able to move in thought from the real to the possible; becomes more interested in ethics, politics, and all social and moral issues

What happens to the baby weight by one

Birth weight triples

Average vitals for 1 year old

Apical pulse 120, respirations 30, bp 90/60

6 month primary dentition schedule

Teething begins with eruption of two lower central incisors

What is the leading cause of death in infants and young children

Accidents

How much sleep does a toddler need

A daytime nap and twelve hours each night

What does play improve for toddlers

Muscle coordination, balance, and muscle strength

More than half of the childhood deaths are caused by what kind of accidents

Motor vehicle and at home and about 90% of the accidents at home are believed to be preventable

Growth during preschool stage tends to be slow and steady. What is the average height and weight growth during this time?

Less than 5lbs per year and 2 to 2 1/1" per year

During the school age 6-12 the growth is gradual and subtle; the most obvious growth is in the long bones and facial bones, sometimes accompanied by growing pains; what is the height and weight growth during his time?

4 1/2 to 6 1/2 lbs per year and about 2" per year

The adolescent diet is most likely deficient in what minerals

Calcium, iron, zinc

Why is calcium, iron, zinc needed for growth in adolescences

Calcium: for skeletal growth; iron: for expansion for muscle mass and blood volume, soft tissue growth, and rapid growth demands of the expanding red blood cell mass; zinc: the generation of skeletal and muscle tissue

Intimacy leads to

Commitment, sharing, compromise

Erickson identified early intimacy versus isolation as

The developmental task of adulthood

Define intimacy

The ability to develop one's deepest hopes and concerns in connection to another person

What is the virtue that deploys in young adulthood

Mutuality of devotion between partners who have chosen to share their lives; virtue of love

What does Erickson consider the mark of adulthood

Conflicting demands of intimacy, competitiveness, and distance, they develop an ethical sense

What is the period of menopause known as and will happen

Perimenopause; during this time the ovaries diminish and eventually cease

What are some signs and symptoms of menopause

Irregular periods, flow changes, excess fluid retention, breast tenderness, hot flashes, palpitations, night sweats, irritability or mood swings

Possible evidence of the male climacteric includes

Decreased libido (sex drive), loss of body hair, and delayed erection

A mans actual capacity during "midlife crisis" is related to what

Self perception and mental outlook

Define the autoimmunity theory

With aging, the body becomes less able to recognize or tolerate the "self"; as a result the immune system produces antibodies that act against the self

As the immune system decreases what does it raise the risk for

Development of infections and cancer

Define wear and tear theory

Age is not based on chronologic age but is determined by the amount of wear and tear experienced

What do many people believe the structural and functional changes of growing old are accelerated by

Abuse of the body

Define activity theory

The older person who is more active socially is more likely to adjust well to aging

Aging is a complex process that affects what

Cells, tissues and organs

What is the age range will you see a slow increase in body weight

45 to 50 and the gradual decline begins

What age do you start to loose height

Around age 50

Why do older adults start to loose height

Increase in spinal curvature caused by slight thinning of the intervertebral disk; and certain abnormal postures and contours

What are normal changes to hearing in older adults

Presbycusis ( increased difficulty in hearing high-pitched sounds); increase in degenerative changes within ear structure; increase buildup of wax production

What are some suggested nursing interventions for hearing for older adults

Speak slowly and clearly. face individual, don't shout, speak in lower tones, control background noise, encourage use of hearing aids if available

Some older adults notice changes in memory such as

Benign forgetfulness which is far more common than the forgetfulness associated with Alzheimer's disease

Sleep for the older person is often affected by

Medications, alcohol, caffeine, stress, environmental noises and changes

Life review and acceptance means what

Is ones strengths and weaknesses and are necessary aspects of the aging process

Aging like growth is

A highly individualized process

Erickson identified the central task that must be resolved at each lifespan; what are the lifespans

Infancy, toddler, preschool, school age, adolescences, early adulthood, middle adulthood, late adulthood

Growth patterns suggest

Rapid growth during infancy, continued growth during toddler and preschool years, and slow but steady during the school years, followed by a rapid stage of growth during puberty and adolescence

All types of families serve similar basic functions such as

Protection, nurturance, education, sustenance, and socialization of their members

Development is a lifelong process that

Begins at conception and ends at death

Piaget focussed on the concept of cognitive development beginning

In infancy and continuing throughout the childhood years

When is consistent discipline and supervision needed

Throughout childhood

When does peer relationships become significant

At school age

When does adolescences take place

The transitional period between childhood and adulthood

Adulthood is marked by what significant events

Carer, decisions, marriage, new social relationships, and financial concerns