Biology
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| Explain how and why large amounts of dilute urine is produced | 1. hypothalamus detects solute concentration in blood 2. If too low, sends a message to the pituitary glans to secrete less ADH 3. ADH travels in blood to kidneys 4. Less ADH makes distal convoluted tubules and collecting ducts less permeable to water (less water reabsorbed from filtrate) 5. Large amounts of dilute urine produced |
| Maintenance of constant osmotic conditions in the body | Osmoregulation |
| Which factor does not adjust both the volume and concentration of urine in the kidneys? | Production of ATP |
| Examples of waste product of organisms are? | Ammonia, urea, uric acid nitrogenous waste |
| What is the function of secretion? | To actively transport materials from the blood to the kidneys |
| Filtration occurs by: | Passive transport |
| Molecules included in filtration: | Glucose, Amino acids, Salts, vitamins, |
| What is the four steps that a nephron uses to carry out its function? | Filtration, Reabsorption, Secretion, Excretion |
| What is a function of transport epithelia? | In osmoregulation, it is the cause of the movement of solutes |
| The cup-shaped swelling that is formed by the blind end of the glomerulus tubule is called: | Bowman's Capsule |
| Effect of Carbon dioxide build up | PH of blood and tissue fluid lowers which affects the rate at which chemical reaction occur within the cell |
| Why is homeostasis important? | Because cells need a constant environment to function efficiently |
| Effect of too much water | Body cells malfunction |
| Effect of high temperature | Denatures proteins and enzymes |
| Effect of Low temperature | Chemical reaction are too slow |
| Effect of nitrogenous waste build up | Toxic to cells |
| Waste products that can damage and kill cells: | Carbon Dioxide, Nitrogenous Waste, low temperature, high temperature, too much water |
| Examples of homeostasis | Excretion and osmoregulation |
| Tissue fluids must: | 1. be within a small range of pH (acidity) 2. contain enough glucose for respiration and activity 3. contain enough oxygen for respiration 4. be specific for body cells to function normally 5. be within small temperature range 6. not contain high levels of carbon dioxide and nitrogenous waste |
| What kind of feedback loop does insulin and glucagon demonstrate? | Negative feedback loop |
| What are the two main cells that take in the glucose floating around in our blood? | Liver cells and muscle cells |
| How do you fix high levels of glucose? | 1. pancreas detects high concentration of glucose 2. Secretes insulin into the blood stream 3. the insulin binds to receptors on certain cells which takes in some of the glucose floating around in our blood |
| How do you fix low levels of glucose? | 1. pancreas detects low concentration of glucose 2. Secretes glucagon into the blood stream 3. Liver cells break it down into glucose and release it back into the blood stream |
| State the function of glucagon | Increases blood glucose |
| State the function of insulin | Tells receptors on certain cells to take in some of the glucose floating around in our blood |
| What is vasoconstriction? | Keeping the blood away from the surface of the skin |
| What is vasodilation? | Blood vessels near the surface of your skin allows blood to flow through them |
| What is the normal constant body temperature? | 37 degrees celsius |
| What does the hypothalamus do? | Measures temperature of the blood flowing through it, collects information from temperature sensors around the body, and decides if it is too hot or too cold |
| What does the hypothalamus do if you are too hot? | It sends signals to the body via the nervous system sends a signal to your sweat glands to secrete sweat |
| What is the relationship between high blood pressure and kidney failure? | HBP can cause arteries around the kidneys to narrow/weaken/harden damaged arteries might not be able to deliver enough blood to the kidney |
| What is the relationship between heart disease and kidney failure? | When the heart is no longer pumping blood efficiently it become congested with blood causing pressure to build up in the main vein connected to the kidneys and leading to congestion in the kidneys too |
| What is the relationship between diabetes and kidney disease? | Overtime levels of sugar in the blood damages the filtering units within each kidney |
| What should someone undergo to see if their kidney is eligible for transplantation? | Urine/ blood tests x rays MRI's |
| What is a graft? | Healthy transplanted kidney |
| How does kidney dialysis work? | Tube is surrounded by dialysis fluid that has the same concentration of normal blood Any excess substance in the blood (urea, salts) will diffuse out Dialysis fluid leaving the machine will be rich in salts and body wastes like urea |
| What are components of dialysis fluid? | Purified water electrolytes glucose |
| What is kidney dialysis? | The process that removes excess water, solutes and toxins from the blood from people whose kidneys cannot function normally |
| Factors that contribute to Kidney failure | 1. diabetes 2. heart disease 3. High blood pressure |
| 3 Symptoms of kidney failure | Poor appetite, decreased urine output, tired, trouble sleeping, fluid retention (swelling in ankles/feet/legs), shortness of breath, fatigue, irregular heartbeat |
| Define kidney failure | Occurs when your body looses the ability to sufficiently filter waste from your blood |
| Why should dialysis fluid and blood be close to/ the same concentration ? | So there is no net movement of glucose out of the blood by diffusion. |
| Ultra Filtration occurs where | Glomerulus |
| What is the glomerulus, where is it found? | Mass of capillaries, filters the blood during urine formation, enclosed by Bowman's capsule |
| What are nephrons, where are they found? | Nephrons are tiny structures that spans the cortex and medulla they are at the end of collecting ducts so urine flows through the ducts then into the pelvis. |
| What are the three main regions of the kidney? | Cortex, Medulla, Pelvis |
| Function of the pelvis | Collects urine from the collecting ducts |
| What is the medulla made up of? | Loops of Henle, collecting ducts that open into the pelvis |
| What is the cortex made up of? | Bowman's capsule, glomerulus, convoluted tubules of all nephrons |
| A weak bladder means... | That the sphincter muscles are weak and bladder does not hold as much urine |
| Function of the sphincter muscles | Control release of urine from the bladder by contracting walls of the bladder |
| What occurs after blood is cleansed in the kidney to when it reaches the bladder? | Cleansed blood returns to the heart via renal vein. Nitrogenous waste flow down the ureter as urine to the bladder to be stored |
| What is the function of the renal artery in the excretory system? | Brings blood and nitrogenous waste products to the kidneys to be cleansed |
| What effect does high water intake has on urine concentration and volume? | Less concentration, more volume |
| Hot temperatures and constant exercises has what effect on concentration and volume of urine? | More concentrated, less volume |
| What are the components of urine? | Mineral salts and urea dissolved in water |