BBS1006 concepts
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BBS1006 concepts - Marcador
BBS1006 concepts - Detalles
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| 🇬🇧 | 🇬🇧 |
| Incidence | Occurrence, rate, frequency of an undesirable thing |
| Prevalence | How common a disease/condition is, commonness |
| Diagnostic study | Study to examine an individual(/population) to determine a disease, condition or illness. e.g. biopsy or prenatal testing |
| Prognostic study | Study in which a population is followed over a period of time, factors that might influence outcomes are measured over that period |
| Observational study | Study in which the effect of risk factors are observed, without interfering with it |
| Experimental study | Study where researchers introduce an intervention and study the effects. e.g. administering different drugs to different groups of patients and observing the effects |
| Cross-sectional study | Study where the data is collected at a certain time point from a sample population |
| Longitudinal study | Study with repeated observations of the same variables over a period of time. e.g. five-year study of children learning to read |
| Ecological study | A type of observational study, but at population or group level, not at individual level. often used to measure prevalence of disease, especially when the condition is rare |
| Case-control | Type of observational study in which two groups that differ in outcome are identified. they are then compared to find something that caused the difference |
| Cohort | A group of people that share a characteristic |
| Sample | A group of people that are taken from a larger population |
| Competing interests | Anything that interferes with the objectivity of an article/publication. e.g. funding by someone who might profit |
| Associated | Related to, connected to |
| Risk for | The possibility that something (bad) will happen |
| Absolute risk | The ratio of people who have a condition compared to all the people who could have that condition at a certain time point. e.g. 40 have the condition and 200 do not, absolute riks is 20% |
| Relative risk | The ratio of probability of an exposed group of people compared to a non-exposed group. e.g. risk of getting cancer for smokers and non-smokers. (comparing the risks of two groups). |
| Internal validity | Extent to which a study shows a trustworthy cause-and-effect relation between a treatment and outcome |
| External validity | Extent to which the findings of a study are generalized to other situations and people, meaning are the results of a study also applicable to other situations |
| Modifiable risk factor | Factors, which can be changed, that can increase someone's chance to develop a certain condition. e.g. blood pressure |
| Mortality risk / mortality rate | Measure of the death in a certain population in relation to the size of that population per unit of time. e.g. units of death per 1000 individuals per year. so a mortality rate of 9.5 in a population of 1000 would mean 9.5 deaths per year. |
| Informed consent | Competently given consent after a professional explains the risks, benefits and alternatives of procedures |
| Inclusion criteria | Required features that people/patients must have to be able to participate in the study |
| Pooled serum | The mixed serum of a number of individuals. serum is the fluid component of blood that does not play a role in blood clotting |
| Reference and index test | A diagnostic test that is being evaluated against another test, for reference |
| Screening tests | A test to detect a potential disease in someone that does not have symptoms |
| Reliability (of a study/measure) | The degree to which the result of a study/measurement can be depended on to be accurate, quality of being trustworthy |
| Accuracy | The degree to which the results of a study/measurement come close to the correct value |
| Reproductibility | The ability of something to be replicated/copied, the extent to which consistent results are obtained when an experiment is repeated |
| Precision | Condition of being exact and accurate |
| Validity (of study/measure) | The extent to which a concept is accurately measured in a quantitative study, the quality of being factually sound |
| Sensitivity | The true positive rate; it measures the proportion of positives that are correctly identified. e.g. diseased people who are actually identified as diseased |
| Specificity | The true negative rate; it measures the proportion of the negatives that are correctly identified. e.g. non-diseased people that are actually identified as healthy |
| Gold standard method | A method that has been tested repeatedly and has a reputation of being a reliable method in the field |
| Variation/variability | Change or difference in condition, e.g. when we measure something over and over again and get different results. lack of consistency |
| Coefficient of variation | Ratio of the standard deviation to the mean. the higher the coefficient variation, the greater the level of dispersion around the mean, so the greater the variation. |
| Bias | Inclination towards a certain group. research bias -> when the researcher skews the study outcome to a specific result |
| 95% confidence intervals | A statistical estimate. when you take 100 samples and compute a confidence interval on them, approximately 95 of them will contain the true (mean) value. a range in which the mean is located |
| Daily repeat analysis | An analysis that is done every day to see what changes |
| Median difference | The middle value when you put all the data from smallest to largest. the median difference is the difference between the medians of two groups (?) |
| Median | The middle value when you put all the data from smallest to largest, the number for which half the observations are smaller and half are larger |
| Interquartile range (IQR) | The difference between the upper and lower quartiles, this is the middle 50% of the data |
| Reference change value (RCV) | It defines the minimal significant difference between two measurements at different time points |
| Randomly assigned | Placing participants into groups without method or conscious decision |
| Baseline | A fixed point of reference used for comparison |
| Post-training / post-exercise | To describe something that is done after a training/sport period e.g. measurements or analysis |
| Follow-up | Something e.g. measurements done to investigate something further |
| Randomized controlled trial (RCT) | Study in which participants are randomly placed in groups to test the effectiveness of new treatments |
| Randomization | A method based on chance alone by which participants are assigned to a (treatment) group |
| Random allocation | The assignment of participants into different groups in an unpredictable way |
| Random selection | The choosing of subjects based on chance alone |
| Pseudo-random sampling | Generating pseudo-random numbers that are distributed along a probability distribution |
| Two parallel arm | A study design that compares two treatments; group 1 only receives treatment A and group 2 only receives treatment B |
| Cross-over | A longitudinal study in which participants receive a sequence of different treatments; group 1 receives treatment A and B and group 2 receives treatment A and B |
| Counterbalancing | Neutralizing or canceling out |
| Enforcing allocation concealment | A technique that prevents researchers from influencing which participants are assigned to which group, it prevents selection bias in a RCT |
| Enrolled | Officially registered as a member of an institute or participant of a course |
| Dropped out | Not participating in a study or course anymore |
| Lost to follow-up | Participants that started in the study but were not present/participating during the follow-up of th study |
| Exclusion criteria | Any characteristic of a potential subject that would hinder them from participating in the study |
| Complete-case analysis | A method of dealing with incomplete data; it means only using the completed cases/data, leaving out the incomplete data |
| Intention to treat analysis (ITT) | A method of dealing with incomplete data; it estimates the missing follow-up values from dropped out participants so that these values can be used |
| Studies did not include a comparison group | The comparison groups are the groups between which a statistical comparison has to be made |
| Compliance | How well the participants were following the instructions of the experimenter |
| Eligibility | The state of having the right to do something or obtain something e.g. someone over 18 is eligible to drive |
| Setting | The place or surroundings (where a study takes place) |
| Interventions | Action taken to improve an medical condition/disorder (in an experimental study) |
| Treatment | Medical care given to a patient for an illness or injury |
| Placebo | A substance that has no therapeutic effect on a patient (while the patient might think it does), used as a control in testing new drugs |
| Outcome measures | Determination and evaluation of the results of an activity, plan or process and their comparison with the intended results |
| Blinding | When information about the test is masked as to not influence the one working with it, to reduce bias |
| Masking | Conceal from viewing |
| Generalisability | To make generally applicable e.g. to use the results of a study on a general population |
| Systematic error, random error and noisy data | Systematic error -> a consistent, repeated error associated with faulty equipment random error -> unpredictable and unavoidable errors/mistakes noisy data -> data that is corrupt or distorted |
| Systematic error and bias | Any deviation from the truth in a collection of data which can cause false conclusions |
| Confounding | Cause surprise or confusion e.g. confounding variables -> other variables than that the researcher is studying |
| External and internal validity | External validity -> the extent to which the results of a study can be generalized to other situations and to other people internal validity -> the extent to which a causal conclusion based on a study is justified, which is determined by the degree to which a study minimizes systematic errors |
| Test and experimental validity | Test validity -> the extent to which a test measures what it's supposed to measure experimental validity -> refers to the manner in which variables influence both the results of the research and the generalisability to the population at large |
| Face and construct validity | Face validity -> the extent to which a test is subjectively viewed as covering the concept it claims to measure construct validity -> the degree to which a test measures what it claims to be measuring |
| Content and criterion validity | Content validity -> refers to the extent to which a measure represents all facets of a given construct criterion validity -> the extent to which a measure is related to an outcome. it can be divided into concurrent and predictive validity |
| Concurrent and predictive validity | Types of criterion validity concurrent validity -> refers to a comparison between the measure in question and an outcome assessed at the same time predictive validity -> compares the measure in question with an outcome assessed at a later time |
| Reliability (instrument, interrater, intrarater) | The quality of being trustworthy or performing consistently well. Instrument reliability -> the trustworthiness of equipment used. Inter-rater reliability -> degree of agreement among raters/judges Intra-rater reliability -> degree of agreement determined by repeated measurements done by a single rater. |
| (pre-)stratification | The division of the subjects and results by a factor other than the treatment factor e.g. weight or gender |
| Effect modifier (homogeneity in prognostic factors) | A factor that alters the effect of a putative causal factor in a study e.g. age is a modifier for many conditions |
| Temporal improvements | Improvements that are only helpful for a relative short period of time, ask yourself is there an effect over time? |
| Trial design | The way the protocol of a research is build up |
| Control | A group used as the comparison to the experimental group, it does not have the conditions the experimental group is tested on |
| Quality control | Set of activities that control the quality of a product or study e.g. inspection or peer review |
| Trial | A test of performance or quality of something |
| Experiment | Procedure to test a hypothesis |
| Pre-experiment | The simplest research design, either a single group or multiple groups are observed |
| Quasi-experiment | Empirical interventional study used to estimate the causal impact of an intervention on target population without random assignment |
| Pretest-posttest | In a pretest and posttest design, measurements are taken before and after a treatment. this shows you the effect of a treatment on the study population |
| Time series | All the data points collected over a definitive time are visualized in a table/graph in time order |
| One-shot case study | Design where only a single group is tested for one measurement, there is no control group and there are only posttest results |
| One-group pretest-posttest | Design where one single group is tested before and after a treatment, there is no control group |
| Static group comparison | Two groups are involved in the experiment, but only one group receives the treatment, the other is the control. only posttest results are taken |
| Threats to internal and external validity | The decrease in reliability of this validity |
| Pilot | Small-scale study to save money and time, to improve the study design before the full scale study |
| Contamination | Unwanted impurity in the results |