AQA Physics Topics 5-8
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AQA Physics Topics 5-8 - Marcador
AQA Physics Topics 5-8 - Detalles
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| 🇬🇧 | 🇬🇧 |
| Difference between scalar and vector quantities | Scalar quantities only have magnitude and no direction, whilst vectors have both |
| Examples of scalar quantities | Speed, distance, mass, temperature, time |
| Example of vectors quantities | Force, velocity, displacement, acceleration, momentum |
| Force definition | A push or a pull on an object caused by it interacting with something |
| Examples of contact forces | Friction, air resistance, tension in ropes |
| Examples of non-contact forces | Magnetic force, gravitational force, electrostatic force |
| Equation for weight | Weight (N) = mass (kg) x gravitational strength (N/kg) |
| Relationship between mass, weight and gravitational field strength | For a given gravitational field strength, the greater the mass of the object, the greater its weight |
| What is mass? | Quantity of matter in an object |
| What is weight? | The force acting on an object due to gravity |
| How to find the resultant force of forces acting in the same direction on a straight line | Add the forces together |
| How to find the resultant force of forces acting in opposite directions in a straight line | Subtract the forces |
| What is a free body diagram? | A diagram that shows all forces acting on an object |
| What happens if the resultant force is zero? | There is no change in direction or speed |
| What do vector diagrams illustrate? | Two forces acting on an object at right angles |
| What causes a rise in temperature? | Work done against the frictional forces acting on an object |
| When is equilibrium reached? | If all of the forces acting on an object give a resultant force of zero |
| Give an example of a force used in stretching | Elastic force |
| Give an example of a force used in compressing | Compression force |
| Give an example of a force used in bending | Bending force |
| What is bending force? | The amount of energy it takes to comprise an object from its natural shape or condition |
| What is elastic deformation? | When an object is stretched by a force but once the force is no longer applied it resumes its natural shape and length |
| What is inelastic deformation? | When an object is stretched by a force but once the force is no longer applied it cannot resume its natural shape or length |
| Describe the relationship between the extension of an elastic object and the force applied | Extension is directly proportional to the force applied: e [fish symbol] F |
| What is the limit of proportionality? | The point until the object's extension is no longer directly proportional to the force applied |
| What is the unit for pressure? | Pascals, Pa |
| What factors influence floating? | If the upthrust force is equal to the object's weight, if the object is less dense than the fluid and weighs less than its equivalent volume of fluid |
| What factors influence sinking? | If the upthrust is less than the object's weight, if the object is more dense than the fluid and weighs more than its equivalent volume of fluid |
| Difference between distance and displacement | Distance is scalar, displacement is vector |
| Difference between speed and velocity | Speed is scalar, velocity is vector |
| Describe motion in a circle | Constant speed, changing velocity |
| What does a curve on a distance-time graph show? | Acceleration or deceleration |
| With a tangent, how do you find the gradient? | Gradient = change in x / change in y |
| What does a straight uphill section on a velocity-time graph show? | Constant acceleration |
| What does a straight downhill section on a velocity-time graph show? | Constant deceleration |
| What does a curve on a velocity-time graph show? | Increasing acceleration |
| What is terminal velocity? | Highest velocity sustainable by an object as it falls through a fluid |
| How does an object reach terminal velocity? | When the forces acting upon the object [air resistance and weight] become balanced |
| What is Newton's First Law? | A resultant force is needed to make something start moving, speed up or slow down |
| What is Newton's Second Law? | Resultant force is directly proportional to acceleration |
| What is Newton's Third Law? | When two objects interact, the forces they exert on each other are equal and opposite |
| What is the Law of the Conservation of Momentum? | The momentum of a system is constant if no external forces are acting on it |
| What is the concept of rate of change of momentum? | The quantity of motion, the volume of matter moved and the velocity at which it travels at is multiplied |
| Explain safety features for momentum in collisions | Seatbelts- increases time taken for body's momentum to reach zero, so reduces forces Air bags- increase time taken for head's momentum to reach zero, so reduces forces Crumple zones- increase time taken to change momentum of the driver and passengers in a crash which reduces forces |
| Difference between transverse and longitudinal waves | Transverse wave oscillations are perpendicular to the direction of energy transfer, whilst longitudinal wave oscillations are parallel to the direction of energy transfer |
| Give examples of transverse waves | Electromagnetic waves, ripples in water, wave on a string |
| Give examples of longitudinal waves | Sound waves, shock waves |
| Rest position definition | Undisturbed position of particles or fields when they are not vibrating |
| Displacement definition | Distance that a certain point in the medium has moved from its rest position |
| Peak definition | Highest point above the rest postition |
| Trough definition | Lowest point below the rest position |
| Amplitude definition | Maximum displacement of a point of a wave from its rest position |
| Wavelength definition | Distance covered by a full cycle of the wave usually measured from peak to peak or trough to trough |
| Time period definition | Time taken for a full cycle of the wave usually measured peak to peak or trough to trough |
| Frequency definition | Number of waves passing a point each second |
| Method to measure speed of soundwaves in air | Attach a signal generator to a speaker you can generate sounds with specific frequencies Set up oscilloscope so waves from microphones are shown as separate waves Start with microphones next to the speaker then move one away until the two waves are aligned by are one wavelength apart Measure distance between microphones to get one wavelength Use an equation to calculate speed of waves Results should be around 330 m/s |
| Method to measure speed of ripples on a water surface | Use a signal generator attached to a ripple tank to create waves of a set frequency Use a lamp to see wave crests on a screen below the tank [wave shadows should be same size as actual wave crests Distance between each shadow line is equal to one wavelength Measure the distance between 10 wavelengths apart and then divide by 10 to find the average wavelength Use an equation to calculate the speed of the waves |
| What is the rule for all reflected waves? | Angle of incidence = Angle of reflection |
| What is specular reflection? | When a wave is reflected in a singular direction by a smooth surface |
| What is diffuse reflection? | When a wave is reflected in lots of different directions by a rough surface |
| Effect of reflection at material interfaces | The wave is reflected at the same angle it meets the material at |
| Effect of absorption at material interfaces | Energy is transferred to the material's energy stores |
| Effect of transmission at material interfaces | Waves travel through the material and are refracted on the other side |
| Method for investigating light refraction on different substances | Place transparent rectangular block on a piece of paper and trace around it Use ray box to shine a ray of light at the middle of one side of a block Trace incident ray and mark where it emerges on other side of block Remove block and join incident ray with reflected ray Draw the normal at the point where the IR entered the block Measure the angle between the IR and normal, and the angle between the refracted ray and the normal Repeat using different blocks of material keeping the incident angle the same |
| Independent, dependent and control variables for RP 9 | Independent- Type of block material Dependent- Angle of refraction Control- Incident angle |
| Conclusion for RP 9 | The angle of refraction changes for different materials due to their optical densities |
| Method to investigate light reflection on different substances | Draw a straight line across a piece of paper Place an object so it lines up to the line Shine a ray of light at the surface and trace the incoming and reflected light beams Draw the normal and then measure the angle of incidence and the angle of reflection Make note of the width and brightness of the reflected ray Repeat the experiment but changing the object each time |
| Independent, dependent and control variables for RP 10 | Independent- object type Dependent- angle of incidence and angle of reflection Control- angle of incidence |
| What does a moving charge cause? | Magnetic field |
| What does the right hand thumb rule show? | Shows the direction of magnetic field Thumb points to current and fingers move to magnetic field |
| What is a solenoid? | A coil of wire used to strengthen magnetic fields |
| What is an electromagnet? | A solenoid with an iron core |
| What is the motor effect? | When a current carrying wire is in a a magnetic field and the magnet and the conductor exert a force on each other |
| What does the Flemming's left-had rule show? | Finds the direction of a force; fingers point to field, current and motion |
| Name 2 uses of electromagnets | Scrap yards, can be used in circuits |
| What is the generator effect? | Creates a potential difference in a conductor |
| What does induced current always do? | Oppose the current that created it |
| Describe the structure of the universe | Solar system of planets, dwarf planets and moons in the Milky Way galaxy orbiting the sun |
| What does red-shift suggest? | That distant galaxies are moving away from us |
| What is the life cycle of a star? | Nebula [cloud of dust and gas] Protostar [Helium nuclei formed from particles colliding creating a high temperature] Main Sequence Star [Star enters a long stable period generally several billions of years] Then either: Red Giant [Hydrogen runs out and star swells] White dwarf [Becomes unstable and ejects outer layer of dust and gas leaving core] Black Dwarf [White dwarf cools down, emits less energy] Or: Red Super Giant [Hydrogen runs out and star swells to bigger than Sun] Supernova [Star undergoes more fusion and expands and contracts until it explodes] Neutron Star [Exploding supernova leaves a very dense core] or Black Hole [Exploding supernova leaves a super dense point in space] |
| What does red-shift suggest? | That distant galaxies are moving away from us |
| How do fusion processes lead to the formation of new elements? | Two or more atomic nuclei collide at nearly the speed of light to form a new nucleus |
| What are the differences between planets? | Inner planets are rockier and smaller, whilst outer planets are filled with more gas and are larger Inner planets are more dense and all have different atmospheres whilst outer planets are less dense and have similar atmospheres made of hydrogen and helium |
| What is the difference in planet moons? | Outer planets have more |
| Why in orbits does velocity change but not speed? | There is a constant change of direction in a circular motion so acceleration is constantly happening- therefore velocity constantly changes but speed does not |
| For a stable orbit, what must change if the speed changes? | The radius of the orbit [if increasing speed the radius becomes smaller] |
| What is red-shift? | Where wavelengths are shifted to the red end of the spectrum |
| What does red-shift suggest? | That distant galaxies are moving away from us |
| How does red-shift provide evidence of the Big Bang Theory? | Shows galaxies are moving away from each other so suggests that the universe began with a 'big bang' that began the dispersion of galaxies |
| What is the Big Bang Theory? | That an explosion provided the force that pushes galaxies away from each other at speed |
| What do moving galaxies show? | That the universe is expanding because they keep getting further and further away without limit |
| What observations have scientists made to theorise 'The Big Bang'? | Supernovae in 1998 to the present day show the increasing speed of the receding galaxies |