Apologia Exploring Creation with Physical Science 2nd Edition
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| Atom | The smallest chemical unit of matter. |
| Molecule | Two or more atoms linked together to make a substance with unique properties. |
| Concentration | The quantity of a substance within a certain volume. |
| Humidity | The moisture content of air. |
| Absolute Humidity | The mass of water vapour contained in a certain volume of air. |
| Relative Humidity | The ratio of the mass of water vapour in the air at a given temperature to the maximum mass of water vapour the air could hold at that temperature, expressed as a percentage. |
| Greenhouse Effect | The process by which certain gases (principally water vapour, carbon dioxide, and methane) trap heat that radiates from earth. |
| Parts Per Million | The number of molecules (or atoms) of a substance in a mixture for every one million molecules (or atoms) in that mixture. |
| Heterosphere | The upper layer of earth’s atmosphere which exists higher than roughly 80 kilometres (50 miles) above sea level |
| Atmospheric Pressure | The pressure exerted by the atmosphere on all objects within it |
| Barometer | An instrument used to measure atmospheric pressure |
| Atmosphere | The mass of air surrounding a planet |
| Homosphere | The lower layer of earth’s atmosphere, which exists from ground level to roughly 80 kilometres (50 miles) above sea level |
| Electrolysis | The use of electricity to break a molecule down into smaller units |
| Solvent | A liquid substance capable of dissolving other substances |
| Solute | A substance that is dissolved in a solvent |
| Cohesion | The phenomenon that occurs when individual molecules are so strongly attracted to each other that they tend to stay together, even when exposed to tension |
| Hard water | Water that has certain dissolved ions in it - predominately calcium and magnesium ions |
| Polar molecule | A molecule that has slight positive and negative charges due to an imbalance in the way electrons are shared |
| Precipitation | Water falling from the atmosphere as rain, snow, sleet, or hail. |
| Distillation | Evaporation and condensation of a mixture to separate out the mixture's individual components |
| Hydrologic Cycle | The process by which water is continuously exchanged between earth's various water sources |
| Residence Time | The average time a given particle will stay in a given system |
| Firn | A dense, icy pack of old snow |
| Percolation | The process by which water moves downward in the soil, toward the water table |
| Cloud Condensation Nuclei | Small airborne particles upon which water vapour condenses to form clouds |
| Adiabatic Cooling | The cooling of a gas that happens when the gas expands with no way of getting more energy |
| Water Table | The line between the water-saturated soil and the soil that is not saturated with water |
| Salinity | A measure of the mass of dissolved salt in a given mass of water |
| Condensation | The process by which a gas turns into a liquid |
| Transpiration | Evaporation of water from planets |
| Hydrosphere | The sum of all water on a planet |
| Earth's Crust | Earth's outermost layer of rock. |
| Fault | The boundary between two sections of rock that can move relative to one another. |
| Earthquake | Vibration of the earth that results either from volcanic activity or rock masses suddenly moving along a fault. |
| Epicenter | The point on the surface of the earth directly above an earthquake's focus. |
| Focus | The point where an earthquake begins. |
| Plastic Rock | Rock that behaves like something between a liquid and a solid. |
| Metamorphic Rock | Igneous or sedimentary rock that has been changed into a new kind of rock as a result of great pressure and temperature. |
| Igneous Rock | Rock that forms from molten rock. |
| Sedimentary Rock | Rock formed when chemical reactions cement sediments together, hardening them. |
| Sediment | Small, solid fragments of rock and other materials that are carried and deposited by wind, water, or ice. Examples would be sand, mud, or gravel. |
| Aphelion | The point at which the earth is farthest from the sun. |
| Perihelion | The point at which the earth is closest to the sun. |
| Updraft | A current of rising air |
| Insulator | A substance that does not conduct electricity very well |
| How much water is evaporated each year? | 400 trillion tons! |
| What does the Bergeron Process deal with? | It deals with how rain is formed in Cold Clouds |
| What does the Collision-Coalescence Process deal with? | It deals with how rain is formed in Warm Clouds |
| Radar | Radio Detection and Ranging |
| Isobars | Isobars represent regions of equal atmospheric pressure. |
| Isotherms | Isotherms represent constant temperature. |
| Mechanics | The Study of Motion, Forces, and Energy. |
| Speed | How Quickly Motion Occurs. |
| Vector Quantity | A physical measurement that contains directional information. |
| Scalar Quantity | A physical measurement that does not contain directional information. |
| Acceleration | The time rate of change of an object's velocity. |
| Free Fall | The motion of an object when it is falling solely under the influence of gravity. |
| Speed Equation (9.1) | Speed Equation (9.1) |
| Is motion relative? | Yes, all motion is relative. |
| Reference Point | A point against which position is measured. |
| Acceleration Equation (9.2) | Acceleration Equation (9.2) |
| Newtons First Law | An object in motion (or at rest) will tend to stay in motion (or at rest) until it is acted upon by an outside force. |
| Inertia | The tendency of an object to resist changes in its velocity. |
| Friction | A force that opposes motion, resulting from the contact of two surfaces. |
| Equation 10.1, Total Force | Total force=(mass)x(acceleration) |
| Newton | The Newton is the standard unit of force and is defined as a: kg x m /sec² |
| Kinetic friction | Friction that opposes motion once the motion has already started. |
| Static friction | Friction that opposes the initiation of motion. |
| Newtons Second Law | When an object is acted on by one or more outside forces, the total force is equal to the mass of the object times the resulting acceleration. |
| Newtons Third Law | For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. |
| Universal Law of Gravitation No. 1 | All objects with mass are attracted to one another by the gravitational force. |
| Universal Law of Gravitation No. 2 | The gravitational force between two masses is directly proportional to the mass of each object. |
| Universal Law of Gravitation No. 3 | The gravitational force between two masses is inversely proportional to the square of the distance between those two objects. |
| Centripetal force | The force necessary to make an object move in a circle. It is directed perpendicular to the velocity of the object, which means it points toward the centre of the circle. |
| Centripetal force No. 1 | Circular motion requires centripetal force. |
| Centripetal force No. 2 | The larger the centripetal force, the faster an object travels in a circle of a given size. |
| Centripetal force No. 3 | At a given speed, the larger the centripetal force, the smaller the circle. |
| The Four Forces | Gravitational Force, Electromagnetic Force, Weak Force, and Strong Force. |
| List the Eight Planets in order | Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. |
| List the Four Inner Planets in order | Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars. |
| List the Four Outer Planets in order | Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. |
| Which of the Planets are/have Satellites? | Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. |
| List the Four Planets with Rings and how many. | Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus 13, Neptune 9. |
| Between which two Planets do you find the Asteroid Belt? | Between Mars and Jupiter. |
| What is uncommon about Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. | They are all outer planets, they all have similar compositions, they all have rings, and they all are quite cold! |
| Perturbations | Are small gravitational variations in the Planets motion. |
| Meteoroids | Are asteroids flung to earth. When they intersect earth's orbit they are called Meteoroids. |
| Meteors | When Meteoroids receive enormous amounts of friction, they become white hot, at this point they are called Meteors. |
| Meteorites | Are fragments of Meteors that fall to the earth. |
| Electrical Charge Rule 1 | Like charges repel one another. |
| Electrical Charge Rule 2 | Opposite charges attract one another. |
| Electromagnetic Force No. 1 | All electrical charges attract or repel one another: Like charges repel, while opposite charges attract. |
| Electromagnetic Force No. 2 | The force between charged objects is directly proportional to the amount of electrical charge on each object. |
| Electromagnetic Force No. 3 | The force between charged objects is inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the two objects. |
| Photon | A small "package" of light that acts like a particle. |
| Charging by Conduction | Charging an object by allowing it to come into contact with an object that already has electrical charge. |
| Charging by Induction | Charging an object without direct contact between the object and a charge. |
| Electrical Current | The amount of charge that travels past a fixed point in an electric circuit each second. |