Epidemiology: more common in men of 50-80 years old, in urban nations Risk factors: cigarette smoking, industrial exposure to aryl amines, schistosomes haematobium infection, long use of analgesics, radiation or heavy long term exposure to cyclophosphamide. Clinical manifestation: Painless hematuria , dysuria, urgency Morphology: Hematogenous dissemination to liver, lungs, and bone marrow