| The study of the
biochemical and physiological effects
of the drugs and their mechanism of
action. | PHARMACODYNAMICS |
| Once the drugs are
taken into the body it exerts
some effects. The mechanism of
the action of the drug is the
study of the pharmacodynamics | Pharmacodynamics |
| “What does the drugs do
in our body?” | Pharmacodynamics |
| From the word
“kinetics” which means
movemen | Pharmacokinetics |
| the study of the action of drugs in the body: method and rate of excretion; duration of effect; etc. | PHARMACOKINETICS |
| "What does the body do to
the drugs?” | PHARMACOKINETICS |
| Study of interaction between
chemical substances and biological
systems | Pharmacology |
| Study of the properties and
effects of drugs | Pharmacology |
| any substance or product that
is used or intended to be used to
modify or explore the physiological
system or pathological state for the
benefit of the recipient | Drug |
| Drogue means? | dry herbs |
| When we say ______________ it
usually undergone clinical
trials/studied/has been approved by
the FDA or government while the
___________may cure, alters, they are in
the raw form | medicine; drugs |
| additives of medicines | excipients |
| medications that undergone studies including the
side effects which are safe to take | Medicines |
| These are drugs meaning it alters some biologic processes
inside the body but into the adverse
effects into our body it has not been approve. | Marijuana |
| Oldest source of medicines | plants |
| “All medicines are drugs,
whereas not all drugs are
medicines” | True |
| Deals with the use of drugs in
the prevention and treatment of
diseases | PHARMACOTHERAPEUTICS |
| the branch of pharmacology that deals with the nature and effects and treatments of poisons | TOXICOLOGY |
| Deals with the effects of
drugs upon microorganisms and
parasites without destroying the
host cells; cancer treatment | TOXICOLOGY |
| The science of preparation,
compounding, and dispensing of
drugs | PHARMACY |
| In the old times, Pharmacists
do not just dispense the drug but
they are the ones who mix the
ingredients/compounds, they give
the correct dosage | PHARMACY |
| Prescribing drugs before are
more complicated but in these times
Pharmacists are just dispensing the
drugs because drugs already prepared
in the laboratories or sites of the
manufacturing companies | PHARMACY |
| Deals with the study of the
sources of drugs derived from
plants and animal origin | PHARMACOGNOSY |
| Oldest field of pharmacology
because this is the study of sources of
drug derived from plants and animal
origin | PHARMACOGNOSY |
| Deals with the source, description
(physical and chemical properties)
and preparation of drugs | MATERIA-MEDIC |
| An official reference containing a
selected drugs/medicinal
preparations with their description,
tests for their identity, purity, and
potency and with their average
doses | PHARMACOPOIEA |
| What year is the publication of the
pharmacopoeia team in Philippines | 2004 |
| The study of drugs, or
pharmaceuticals, typically used in the
dental field | DENTAL PHARMACOLOGY |
| Most common types of drugs used by a dentist | analgesics, antibiotics, anti-inflammatory drugs, and anesthetics. |
| A number of plants have medicinal qualities and have
been used for centuries as a drug source | Plants |
| Example of Alkaloids | Opium |
| Example of Glycosides | Digitalis (cardio drugs) |
| Example of Oils | Resins and Gums |
| What source is the Placenta | Human |
| What source is the Immunoglobulin in blood | Human |
| What source is the Nystatin | Microorganisms |
| What source is the Cod liver Oil | Animals |
| Way on how drugs carried to be able
to reach the target or site of the
intended effect | ROUTES OF DRUG ADMINISTRATION |
| A path by which a drug, fluid, or
poison or a substance is brought into
contact with the bod | Route (in pharmacology) |
| The drug is applied locally to
the skin | Local |
| Powders, paste, lotions,
ointments, creams, plasters, and
jellies | Local |
| Enteral and Parenteral | Systemic |
| The drug administrated
through systemic routes is
absorbed into the blood,
distributed along through the
circulation and produce their
desired effects. | Systemic |
| The route where it reaches the
gastrointestinal tract; it passes
through the intestine | Enteral |
| Enteron means | Intestine |
| Oral | Mouth |
| where you put the
drug under the tongue | Sublingual |
| which you put the drug
in a form of strips in the buccal
surface of the mouth | Buccal |
| Those that goes directly into
the blood | Parenteral |
| The administration of drugs by
injection directly into the tissue fluid
or blood without having to cross the
intestinal mucosa | Parenteral |
| angled 25 degrees and directly hits the vein;
it aims the vein | Intravenous (IV) |
| angled 45 degrees and reaches up to the
dermis layer of the skin | Subcutaneous |
| angled 90 degrees and it reaches up to the
muscle (like our vaccines) | Intramuscular (IM) |
| angled 10-15
degrees; this is the one that has
significant in dentistry because
these are used in skin test | Intradermal |
| These are usually used in patients
with respiratory disorders | Inhalation |
| Drugs administered by inhalation
through the mouth so that the
drugs can pass through the
windpipe (trachea) and into the
lungs | Inhalation |
| administered alone,
they usually delivered with excipients | Sheldom drugs |
| Carrier to which drug molecules are
delivered to sites of action within the
body | Dosage form |
| - It is the manner these drug
substances are presented in the
market | Dosage form |
| are time-bound drugs,
that’s why they need to encapsulate it
or coat it because if not, they cannot
withstand the acidity of the
gastrointestinal tract. | Capsule |
| Which drug must be administered in an emergency | Injectable drug |
| Easily handled by the
patients; it is the most convenient
self-administration of medication. | Oral Dosage Form |
| Tablets
Capsule
Suspensions
Lozenges
Pills
Granules | Oral dosage form |
| These are drugs applied to the
skin/other topical surfaces | Topical dosage form |
| If the wound is open, if the
wound is dry then you use creams
because ointments are oil-based | Topical dosage form |
| These drugs are applied to the
skin or other topical surfaces | Topical dosage form |
| Ointments
Creams
Foams | Topical dosage form |
| These drugs are administered
rectally for local rather than systemic
effect | Rectal Dosage Form |
| administration of liquids
through the rectum and colon via
the anus | Enemas |
| These are usually sterile,
particulate free and non-pyrogenic
solutions or suspensions (of drugs in
water or other suitable physiological
acceptable vehicles) that are injected
into the body using syringe and needle | Parenteral dosage forms |
| It has 100% bio availability | Parenteral dosage forms |
| Used in emergency situations
because they reach the circulation as
soon as possible | Parenteral Dosage forms |
| These are the drugs intended
to be used in the vaginal cavity for
either contraception, induction of
labor, treatment of vaginal infections
or local menopausal symptoms | Vaginal dosage forms |
| These are drugs commonly
used to treat local ocular disorder like
infection or inflammation | Opthalmic drug form |
| These ae aqueous-based
systems that are instilled within or
sprayed into the nasal cavity | Nasal drug form |
| These are agents that are
instilled in the ear canal for the
treatment of local disorders | Otic drug form |
| Capsules
Granules
Powder
Tablets- lozenges, chewable,
sublingual, buccal, pastilles | Solid Dosage Forms |
| These are preparations applied on
the skin or to the mucous
membrane to achieve local or
systemic effec | Semi-solid dosage forms |
| These are liquid preparation that
contains one or more soluble chemical
substances dissolve in solvents | Liquid dosage forms |
| - These are drug products that are
packaged under pressure in a holder | Gaseous dosage forms |
| It is manufactured according to the
need of the patient | Pharmacodynamics |
| Individual targets will
bind only to specific classes of drugs | Affinity |
| force of attraction
bet drug and receptor | Affinity |
| ability of a drug to
produce a maximum response | Efficacy |
| Drug’s maximal efficacy
is proportional to the receptors
occupied | Efficacy |
| Drug-receptor relationship
Binding to a drug is SPECIFIC
SPECIFICITY IS RECIPROCAL | Binds to a receptor site |
| are proteins that
responds to the body’s own chemical
messengers like hormones or
neurotransmitters | Receptors |
| gene expression,
permeability, growth rate, and other
possibilitie | Cell changes |
| - Drugs that occupy receptors
and activate them | Agonist |
| Drugs that occupy
receptors but do not activate them | Antagonist |
| block receptor activation by agonists | Antagonist |
| - It will happen after the mechanism
of actions | Drug effects |
| Corpora nun agunt nisi fixita means | a drug will not work unless it’s bound. |
| His outstanding contributions include dissemination
of the 'magic bullet' concept for the synthesis of antibacterials,
introduction of concepts such as chemoreceptor and chemotherapy,
and linking the chemical structure of compounds to their
pharmacological activity. | Paul Ehrlich |
| Neurotransmitters
Hormones | Endogenous drugs |
| any macromolecule or proteins that binds to a receptor.
In pharmacology ligands are your drugs or agents wherein if a patient takes in a drug, it will be bound to the
receptors and introduce to the body. | Ligand |
| force of attraction bet drug
and receptor. | Affinity |
| ability of a drug to produce
a maximum response | Efficacy |
| affected by particular shape or properties of the
receptors that only a specific ligand
will fit in | Affinity |
| How much drug dose is
needed to produce a certain an effect | Efficacy |
| -Binding to a drug is specific | Affinity |
| the efficacy is
affected by how much receptor is
occupied upon the introduction of drug | Occupation theory |
| Proteins that responds to the body’s
own chemical messengers like
hormones or neurotransmitters
(endogenous chemicals) | Receptors |
| Gene expression
- Permeability | Cell changes |
| can mimic
the interaction of ligand and
receptors. | Exogenous substances |
| binds/fit to the receptor while
the receptors receive it to either
activate the body processes or
inhibit/block. Because of this, some
drugs are classified accordingly like
antagonist and protagonist | Ligand |
| can be ion or protein that
binds to the receptor | Ligands |
| hormones and neurotransmittes | Exogenous substances |
| - drugs that occupy receptors and activate them | Agonists |
| blocks the receptor activation
by agonist | Antagonists |
| there is affinity, attraction is there and
intrinsic activity as a result of affinity
and binding resulting to full activation,
occupies receptors and activates it
fully | Agonist alone- full activation |
| - has less activation. Has an effect but not
full. The intrinsic activity is lesser | Partial agonist/antagonist |
| - other drugs after
binding with other receptors, it
produces the opposite actions. | Inverse agonist |
| occupies receptors but do not occupy
them. | Antagonist alone |
| This receptors interact with
ion, can be endogenous or naturally
produced by the body. | Ligand-gated ion channels |
| Either can activate certain
chemical process or inhibiting a
certain biochemical process | Ligand-gated ion channels |
| Also known as 7 transmembrane receptor because I
pans the cellular membrane seven
times (7x) | G-protein coupled receptors (GPCR) |
| 3 sub units | Alpha, beta, gamma |
| Endogenous ligands & drugs, acting on
GPCR. | First messenger |
| Bring about the cellular response to
the first messenger acting on GCPR | Second messenger |
| - inositol triphosphate (IP3) & Diacylglycerol
(DAG) | Phospoinositides |
| Most common second messengers: | cAMP, cGMP |
| the second messenger that will
create biological activity. | GCPR |
| Receptors used for more
medicinal drugs. | GCPR |
| Are proteins with an extra cellular component or domain which is
the site for ligand binding and an intracellular domain inside the cell
which is responsible for catalytic activity to promote cellular growth or healing | Enzyme-linked receptors |
| speeds up the processes | catalysts |
| Located inside the cell (Intra)
that can be seen typically in the
cytoplasm or sometimes the nucleus. | Intracellular receptors |
| percentage of drugs that are mediated
by drug receptor interaction however some drugs are non-receptor mediated. | 90% |
| removes metal like mercury used in food poisoning. | Antacids |
| - immediately act upon the nerves without needing a
receptor. | Anesthetic solutions |
| acts upon nerves/neurons | General anesthetics |
| when you ingest
a poisonous metal, they have a
property to eliminate metals. | Calleting agents |
| the ratio of the toxic concentration to
the median of effective concentration. | Therapeutic index (TI) |
| Father of toxicology | Paracelsus |
| the amount of drug
required to produce a certain
response. | Potency |
| The strong the attraction of
the receptors to the drug until they
produce an effect/ affinity | Efficacy |
| force of attraction between
drug and receptor | Affinity |
| gets the drug bound to
the receptor, and efficacy determines
what happens once the drug is bound. | Affinity |
| a child has a different drug
action with the older ones. Child are
growing and susceptible with special
adverse effects of drugs. | Age |
| affects drug
concentration at the site of dose.
Depends on a person’s body type, an
obese and a lean person’s dose is
adjusted. Example a person that is
obese can take a higher dose of pain
reliever compared to a too lean
person. | Body size |
| -females have smaller body
size compared to men, therefore the
body size is affected. | Sex |
| we have unique genetic
makeup and some drugs and
individuals produce different effect or
even drug action with other people. | Genetics |
| a substance or treatment
which is designed to have therapeutic
valve. An inert drug but results to an
intended effect either by the patient’s
beliefs or psychological makeup. | Placebo |
| drug is modified by how it is taken.
Parenteral has a 100 bio availability,
they are rapidly reach the site of
action because they directly injected
to the blood. Drugs are measured in
the blood. | Route of drug administration |
| drugs are taken with a specific disease. Example
if you have a glomeolar membrane
disorder in the kidney, the excretion of
the drug or the reuptake of the drug is
affected because some metabolic
waste cannot be filtered correctly | Pathologic states |
| loss of therapeutic
efficacy after a prolonged used of drug
or the person has become insensitive
now to the drug. No more effect
because of the extensive use. | Tolerance |
| rapid development of tolerance. When doses are repeated in quick succession, you will elicit this tachyphylaxis. So you will be tolerant to the drug and it will not give you an effect anymore. | tachyphylaxis |
| tolerance of microorganisms to inhibit the action of microbials. | drug resistance |
| The study of the movement of the drugs into, within and outside the body | pharmacokinetics |
| The passage of the drug from
the site of administration into the circulation | absorption |
| do not need energy to transport them across the membrane | passive transort |
| In our body, it is a natural thing that substances flow in a direction of higher concentration to lower concentration. | Downhill movement |
| the transfer of a drug across the membrane in the direction of its concentration gradient | diffusion |
| the passage of drugs through aqueous pores in the membrane | filtration |
| low concentration to high concentration | uphill movement |
| the transfer of drugs against a concentration gradient and needs energy | active transport |
| carrier transport that it is not energy dependent and the movement occurs in the direction of the concentration gradient | facilitated diffusion |
| the process where small droplets are engulfed by the cell | endocytosis |
| The processes like absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion are complex, and a lot of things are being computed and considered by drug developers. | endocytosis |
| the fraction of the drug that reaches the systemic circulation following administration by any route | bioavailability |
| The influence of route of administration on a drug’s bioavailability is generally in the following order: parenteral > oral > rectal > topical | bioavailability |
| the metabolism of a drug during its passage from the site of absorption to the systemic circulation | first pass effect |
| The process of delivering a
drug from the bloodstream to the tissues of the body | distribution |
| Needs energy and carrier at the same time. It follows the normal concentration gradient of the cell but it needs a carrier. Usually the carrier are glucose embedded in the cell membrane. | distribution |
| the free or unbound fraction of the drug is the only form available for action | plasma/tissue binding |
| Only lipid soluble, unionized drugs can cross this | Blood-brain barrier/placental |
| Drugs go through several phases of distribution | redistribution |
| The process of biochemical
alteration of the drug in the body | metabolism |
| - Most important process in
pharmacokinetics | metabolism |
| an inactive drug which gets converted into an active form in the body | prodrug |
| site of metabolism | liver |
| this phase involves oxidation, reduction and hydrolysis and happens in the endoplasmic reticulum | phase one |
| This phase involves reactions that chemically change the drug or phase 1 metabolites into compounds that are soluble enough to be excreted in urine | phase two |
| A process where metabolic
wastes are eliminated from the body | excretion |
| site of excretion | kidney |
| ionized drugs of low molecular weight (<10, 000) are easily filtered through the glomerular membrane | glomerular filtration |
| main unit of excretory system, the kidneys | nephron |
| filters waste products after metabolism. | glomerular membrane |
| 2 transport systems actively secrets acids and bases | active tubular secretion |
| drugs present in the glomerular filtrate can be reabsorbed in the tubules | passive tubular reabsorption |
| the time it takes for the concentration of the drug in the plasma or the total amount in the body to be reduced by 50 % | half-life |
| in general, it is used as a guide or estimate to see at what time the drug will be at its minimum concentration or has been totally eliminated from the body | purpose of half-life |
| one time high dose | one time high dose |
| low dose | maintenance elimination |
| removal of a drug from the plasma | clearance |
| no matter how much amount of drug is taken, the time of drug elimination is already computed and it’s not affected by half- life | zero-order elimination |
| distribution of the drug | volume of distribution |
| distribution of the drug | volume of distribution |
| distribution of the drug | volume of distribution |
| distribution of the drug | volume of distribution |
| distribution of the drug | volume of distribution |
| distribution of the drug | volume of distribution |
| distribution of the drug | volume of distribution |
| distribution of the drug | volume of distribution |
| distribution of the drug | volume of distribution |
| distribution of the drug | volume of distribution |
| distribution of the drug | volume of distribution |
| distribution of the drug | volume of distribution |
| NA | NA |
| NA | NA |
