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| 🇬🇧 | 🇬🇧 |
| What are the 5 things the skeletal system is used for? | Blood cell production, muscle attachment, mineral storage, joints for movements, protection of vital organs |
| What is blood cell production? | The production of red cells to transport oxygen and take away carbon dioxide |
| What is muscle attachment? | A place of muscles to attach to so that they can connect |
| What is mineral storage? | Stores minerals calcium and can give it out if needed |
| What is joints for movement? | Where 2 bones meet and form a joint |
| What is protection of vital organs? | Bones protect organs like the ribcage protects the heart and lungs? |
| What is a hinge joint? | Only move at a 90 degree angle, eg: elbow and knee |
| What is a ball and socket join? | Used for wide movements, eg: pelvis and humerus |
| What is a pivot joint? | Located in our neck to help look around, eg: altas and axis |
| What is candyloid joints? | Eg: wrists and ankles. |
| What is the acronym to remember the vertebral column? | Craving that lovely spaghetti carbonara |
| What are the different parts of the vertebral column? | Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum , coccyx |
| What are flat bones? | Thin plates, acts like a shell. For example: pelvis and cranium |
| What are short bones? | They are there to bear your weight, shock absorbers, examples: tarsals and wrists |
| What are long bones? | They are used for leverage and movement, examples: tibula, femur, fibula |
| What are irregular bones? | Used to protect the nerve system, contain bone marrow, anchor the muscles. Examples: cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, coccyx |
| What is abduction? | A part of the body (usually arms and legs) is moved away from the body |
| What is adduction? | A part of the body is returned back to it's original state |
| What is dorsiflexion? | The backward bending of the ankle, eg: walking, running, ballet |
| What is extension? | When you are straightening a joint, this occurs when the angle of a joint increases |
| What is flexion? | When you are bending a joint, this occurs when the angle of a join decreases |
| Where are deltoids? | Shoulder muscle |
| Where are triceps? | Back of the arm |
| Where are gastrocnemius ? | Calf muscle |
| Where are quadriceps? | Front of the thigh |
| Where are latissimus dorsi? | Back muscles |
| Where are external obliges? | Outer abs |
| Where are hamstring? | Back of the thighs |
| Where are biceps? | Front of the arm |
| Where are hip flexors? | Top part of the thigh |
| Where are tibialis anterior? | Front of the lower leg |
| Where are the trapezius | Upper back, to the traps |
| What are ligaments? | Tough, flexible, fibrous tissues that connect bone to bone |
| Whare are tendons? | Tough, inelastic, fibrous tissues that connect bone to muscle |
| What is antagonistic pairs? | 2 muscles that work together to perform a task by one muscle contracting while that other relaxes or lengthens. Eg: biceps and triceps |
| What are voluntary muscles? | Muscles that are under conscious control and can be controlled at will or we can choose when to use them. |
| What are involuntary muscles? | Muscles that we can't control by will or by conscious and are often associated with organs that exhibit slow and regular contractions and relaxations. |
| What are cardiac muscles? | Heart muscles is one of the 3 types of vertebrate muscles, the other 2 being skeletal and smooth muscles. It is an involuntary muscles, main tissues at the wall of the het. Unique to the heart, never tires. |
| What are slow twitch fibers? | Contract slowly but use oxygen well and keeps going for a long time. Endurance athlete tend to have more 'slow twitch' fibers, work aerobically. |
| What are fast twitch fibers? | Contract quickly but do not use oxygen well and time quickly. Top sprinters have more 'fast twitch' fibers |
| What are very fast twitch fibers? | Work anaerobically, high speed and force of contractions, very low aerobic capacity, low fatigue resistance. Eg: 100m runners |
| 3 functions of the CV system? | -to transport blood and oxygen around the body -to clot open wounds with a protein called fibrin -to regulate the body's temperature, this can be done by sweating |
| Where does blood return from? | Deoxygenated blood returns through the inferior and superior vena cava and into the heart |
| How does deoxygenated blood get to the lungs? | Goes through right atrium, through tricuspid valve to right ventricle, then pulmonic valve to the pulmonary artery to the lungs |
| How does the oxygenated blood get to the lungs to the rest of the body? | Returns to heart through pulmonary vein and into left atrium, down bicuspid valve and into left ventricle. Through aortic valve and to the aorta to the rest of the body. |
| What is the one component that makes up blood? | Red blood cells: contain hemoglobin which helps to carry oxygen and also removes carbon dioxide. Very small and lacks a nucleus to have more space for oxygen |
| What is the one component that makes up blood? | White blood cell - protect the body against illnesses, part of the immune system and is the largest cell in the body. Create lymphocytes that creates antibodies to fight infections. |
| What is the one component that makes up blood? | Platelets: used to clot blood when there is a open cuts. use fibrin to clot the blood, which then dissolves later into the blood plasma. |
| What is the one component that makes up blood? | Plasma - carries water, salt and enzymes around the body. Main function is to take nutrients, hormones and proteins to parts of the body that needs it. Cells will also put waster product into it. |
| What is the characteristics of arteries? | Used to transport nutrient-rich blood and oxygenated blood around the body to organs and tissues. They are blood vessels. |
| What are the characteristics of veins? | Return deoxygenated blood back to heart, valves in the veins prevent backflow of blood |
| What are the characteristics of capillaries? | Smallest vessel i the body, oxygen and carbon dioxide passes through capillaries. Used to exchange materials between blood and tissue cells. |
| What happens during inhalation? | Diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract, diaphragm flattens and pulls the bottom of the lungs down. Intercostal muscles pull the ribs up and outwards, lungs get bigger and air pressure inside is reduced |
| What happens during exhalation? | Diaphragm and intercostal muscles relaxes, diaphragm moves up into a dome shape, relaxed intercostal muscles allow ribs to move inwards as well as the lungs, lung size reduced, air pressure increased |
| What is alveoli? | Deoxygenated blood enters the capillaries, air containing oxygen in the lungs passes through each alveolus and co2 diffuses across the capillary walls and into the alveolus, oxygenated blood travels to body. |
| Percentage of everything in inhaled air? | 78% nitrogen 21% oxygen 1% other gases 0.03% CO2 a little water vapor |
| Percentage of everything in exhaled air? | 78% nitrogen 16% oxygen 4% carbon dioxide 2% other gases |
| What is aerobic exercise? | Working with oxygen, there is enough oxygen to meet the oxygen demand of the body. Used for low intensity and can be sustained for a long period of time. |
| What is the waste product of aerobic exercise and some examples of exercise and benefits? | Waste product: carbon dioxide Examples: long distance running, long distance cycling, swimming Benefits: improve muscular endurance |
| What is anerobic exercise? | Working without oxygen, there is not enough oxygen to meet the oxygen demand of the body. Used for high intensity workout for a short periods of time and it is hard to sustain for long periods. |
| What is the waste product of anerobic exercise and some examples of exercise and benefits? | Waste product: lactic acid which comes from the breakdown of glucose Examples: sprinting, weight lifting, high intensity interval training Benefits: can increase bone strength, power and tolerance to lactic acid |
| Immediate effects of training on respiratory system? | Increase breathing rate increase tidal volume oxygen debt |
| Effects of respiratory system on regular training? | Strong diaphragm and intercostal muscles increased number of alveoli increased tidal capacity increase gaseous exchange more efficient carbon dioxide removal increase number of blood vessels. |
| What is vital capacity? | Amount of air that can be forcibly expelled form the lungs after breathing in as deeply as possible |
| How does the CV system and respiratory system work together? | In order to suppl oxygen and other substances needed for metabolism and to remove CO2. They both ensure that organ tissues and muscles receive enough oxygen |
| What is tidal volume? | The volume of air inhaled and exhaled with each breath |
| What is the aerobic equation? | Glucose + oxygen = carbon dioxide + water + ADT |
| What is the anerobic equation? | Glucose - energy released + lactic acid |
| What is stroke volume? | The amount of blood pumped |
| What is vasodilation? | The widening of blood vessels to allow more blood in |
| What is vasoconstriction? | The narrowing of blood vessels to not let too much blood through |
| What is vascular shunting ? | The redistribution of blood |