fluid, electrolytes, pH balance
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fluid, electrolytes, pH balance - Marcador
fluid, electrolytes, pH balance - Detalles
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| 🇬🇧 | 🇬🇧 |
| To survive we need to maintain normal volume and composition of | Extracellular fulid(ECF), intracellular fluid (ICF) |
| Fluid balance | Amout of water gained each day equals the amount lost |
| Electrolyte balance | Ion gain each day equals the ion loss |
| Acid base balance | H+ gain is offset by their loss |
| Fractions of H2O in ICF and ECF | 2/3 in ICF, 1/3 in ECF |
| Largest subdivisions of ECF are | Interstitial fluid of peripheral tissue, plasma of circulating blood |
| Intracellular (ICF) | Cytosol of cells |
| Extracellular(ECF) components | Plasma, interstitial fluid, lymph, CSF, other:synovial, endolymph, perilymph |
| Principal ions in ECF | Sodium, chloride, bicarbonate(HO3) |
| ICF contains abundance of | Potassium(the main cation), negatively charged proteins |
| To maintain homeostasis the body needs to | Respond to changes in the ECF, NOT the ICF |
| Our cells dont | Move water molecules by molecules by active transport |
| Water moves....in response to..... | Passively, osmotic gradients |
| The bodys content of water or electrolytes will rise if.....and will fall if.... | Dietary gains exceed losses(overhydration), losses exceed gains(dehydration) |
| The main hormone for water regulation is | Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) |
| Increased release of ADH has two important effects | Stimulates water conservation at the kidneys, reducing urinary water losses and concentrating the urine stimulates thirst center,promoting intake of fluids |
| Which part of the kidney responds to ADH | DCT, collecting ducts |
| ADH response is | Increases thirst, increase water reabsorption in DCT and collecting ducts |
| In aldosterone, the higher the plama concentration of alderstone | The more effeciently the kidneys conserve Na+(reabsorb sodium and secrete potassium) |
| Aldosterone is secreted in response to | Rising K+ (hyperkalemia), falling Na+ levels (hyponatremia),activation of the renin-angiotensin system |
| Aldosterone acts on | DCT and collecting ducts |
| Whereever ..... goes....follows | Sodium, water |
| The hormone atrial natriuretic peptides(ANP) is caused by | Elevated blood pressure or increased blood volume |
| Hormone atrial natriuretic peptides(ANP) reduces | Thirst and BLOCKS the release of ADH and aldosterone |
| All the effects of ANP result in | Diuresis,loose fluids in kidneys |
| Edema | The movement of abnormal amounts of water from plasma into interstitial fluid |
| Hyponatremia is a sign of | Overhydration or water excess |
| If ECF is hypertonic | Water moves from ICF-ECF |
| If ECF is hypotonic | Water moves ECF-ICF |
| Effects of loss of body water | Severe thirst, dryness and wrinkling of skin, fall in plasma volume and blood pressure |
| Until ICF and ECF are isotonic again | Osmosis will move water out of the ICF and into ECF |
| Sodium losses occur through | Urine and perspiration |
| When sodium is too low | ADH and aldosternone is secreted |
| When sodium is too high | ANP is secreted |
| Increase aldosterone will | Increase sodium absorption and potassium secretion |
| Hyperkalemia causes | Cardiac arrhythmias |
| Hypokalemia causes | Muscular weakness and paralysis |
| Calcium homeostasis reflects on | Reserves in bones, rate of absorption in digestive tract, rate of loss at kidneys |
| Parathyroid and calcitriol | RAISE concentrations; actions are opposed by calcitonin |
| Hypocalcemia | Osteoporosis,muscle cramps, muscle spasms, convulsions |
| If plasma is below 7.35 | Acidemia, results in acidosis |
| If plasma is above 7.45 | Alkalemia, results in alkalosis |
| Acidosis can result in | A coma, cardiac failure, and circulatory collapse |
| Volatile acid | Can leave solution and enter atmosphere |
| Fixed acids | Most acids, produced by the body |
| Organic acid | Participants i n or by-products of aerobic metabolism |
| Buffers | Can provide(increases pH) or remove(decreases pH) H+ |
| Amino acid/protein buffer system | Depend on ability of amino acids to respond to changes in pH by accepting of releasing H+ |
| In hemoglobin buffer system it | Absorb carbon dioxide from plasma, converts into carbonic acid |
| In hemoglobin buffer system it | Bicarbonate ion moves into plasma |
| Low levels of CO2 result in | High pH |
| CO2 is or isnt an acid | Is not |
| CO2 can be converted to | Carbonic acid |
| Carbonic acid bicarbonate buffer system role | Is to prevent changes in pH caused by organic acids and fixed acids in ECF |
| Carbonic acid bicarbonate buffer system limitations | Only functions when respiratory and control centers work normal limited by availability of bicarbonate ions |
| During acidosis | Bicarbonate ions are released from storage |
| Pulmonary compensation in acidosis | Increased respiratory rate gets rid of excess C02 produced |
| Renal compensation in acidosis | Kidneys secrete and excrete excess hydrogen ions |
| Protein buffers in acidosis | Pick up excess H+ |
| Pulmonary compensation in alkalosis | Lower respiratory rate increases carbon dioxide levels |
| Kidney compensation in alkalosis | Kidneys secreate and excrete bicarbonate ions |
| Protein buffers in alkalosis | Release hydrogen ions |
| PCO2 rises | PH fall |
| PCO2 falls | PH rises |
| Stimulation of chemoreceptors leads to | An INCREASE in RESPIRATORY RATE |
| Chemoreceptors are stimulate if | High CO2 present or acidosis |
| Renal contribution in pH is limited to | Secretion of H+ activity of buffers removal of CO2 reabsorption NA+ and HCO3 |
| When alkalosis or high pH develops | H+ secretion at kidneys decline tuble cells dont reclaim bicarbonates collectiond system transports HCO3 into tubular fluid releasing acid ino peritublar fluid |
| Metabolic acidosis | Production of large number of fixed or organic acids |
| Hydrogen ions are liberated by what type of acids | Fixed and organic |
| Example of impaired ability to excrete at kidneys | Glomerulonephritis |
| Severe bicarbonate loss | Chronic diarrhea |
| Lactic acidosis | Strenuous excercise |
| Ketoacidosis | Large quantities of ketone bodies, diabetes mellitus |
| Metabolic alkalosis occurs when | HCO3 concentrations become elevated |
| Metabolic alkalosis symtoms when | A person w/ prolong vomiting |
| What can cause metabolic alkalosis | Increase amounts of anti acids |
| Compensations for metabolic alkalosis involves | Reduction in breathing rate ,increased loss of HCO3 in urine |